scholarly journals High-throughput, low-cost and rapid DNA sequencing using surface-coating techniques

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanzhe Qin ◽  
Stephan Koehler ◽  
Shengming Zhao ◽  
Ruibin Mai ◽  
Zhuo Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Coating ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Source Tracing ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Major Bottleneck ◽  
The Cost

The speed1–3, expense1–4 and throughput2 of genomic sequencing impose limitations on its use for time-sensitive acute cases, such as rare4,5 or antibiotic resistant infections6, and large-scale testing that is necessary for containing COVID-19 outbreaks using source-tracing7–9. The major bottleneck for increasing the bandwidth and decreasing operating costs of next-generation sequencers (NGS) is the flow cell that supplies reagents for the biochemical processes; this subsystem has not significantly improved since 200510–12. Here we report a new method for sourcing reagents based on surface coating technology (SCT): the DNA adhered onto the biochip is directly contacted by a reagent-coated polymeric strip. Compared with flow cells the reagent layers are an order of magnitude thinner while both the reagent exchange rate and biochip area are orders of magnitude greater. These improvements drop the turn-around time from days to twelve hours and the cost for whole genome sequencing (WGS) from about $1000 to $15, as well as increase data production by several orders of magnitude. This makes NGS more affordable than many blood tests while rapidly providing detailed genomic information about microbial and viral pathogens6,13, cancers14 and genetic disorders for targeted treatments6 and personalized medicine6,15. This data can be pooled in population-wide databases for accelerated research and development as well providing detailed real-time data for tracking and containing outbreaks, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals High-throughput low-cost DNA sequencing using surface-coating technology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanzhe Qin ◽  
Stephan Koehler ◽  
Shengming Zhao ◽  
Ruibin Mai ◽  
Zhuo Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Coating ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Coating Technology ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Source Tracing ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Major Bottleneck

Abstract The speed, expense and throughput of genomic sequencing impose limitations on its use for time-sensitive acute applications, such as rare or antibiotic resistant infections, and large-scale testing that is necessary for population-wide source-tracing, as in the COVID-19 pandemic. A major bottleneck for increasing throughput and decreasing operating costs of next-generation sequencers (NGS) is the flow cell that supplies reagents for the biochemical processes; this subsystem has not significantly improved since 2005. Here we report a new method for sourcing reagents based on surface coating technology (SCT): the DNA adhered onto a biochip that is directly contacted by a reagent-coated polymeric strip. Compared with flow cells, reagent layers are an order of magnitude thinner while both the reagent exchange rate and biochip area are orders of magnitude greater. For whole genome sequencing (WGS), these improvements reduce turn-around time from days to twelve hours, reduce cost from about $1000 to $15, and increase data throughput by orders of magnitude. This makes NGS more affordable than many blood tests while rapidly providing detailed genomic information about microbial and viral pathogens, cancers and genetic disorders for targeted treatments and personalized medicine. The resulting data can be pooled in population-wide databases for accelerated research and development as well for providing detailed real-time data for tracking and containing pandemic outbreaks.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Low-Cost Commercial Actigraph and Its Potential Use in Detecting Cultural Variations in Physical Activity and Sleep

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3774
Author(s):  
Pavlos Topalidis ◽  
Cristina Florea ◽  
Esther-Sevil Eigl ◽  
Anton Kurapov ◽  
Carlos Alberto Beltran Leon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Step Counts ◽  
Scale Step ◽  
Potential Use

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the performance of a low-cost commercial smartwatch, the Xiaomi Mi Band (MB), in extracting physical activity and sleep-related measures and show its potential use in addressing questions that require large-scale real-time data and/or intercultural data including low-income countries. We evaluated physical activity and sleep-related measures and discussed the potential application of such devices for large-scale step and sleep data acquisition. To that end, we conducted two separate studies. In Study 1, we evaluated the performance of MB by comparing it to the GT3X (ActiGraph, wGT3X-BT), a scientific actigraph used in research, as well as subjective sleep reports. In Study 2, we distributed the MB across four countries (Austria, Germany, Cuba, and Ukraine) and investigated physical activity and sleep among these countries. The results of Study 1 indicated that MB step counts correlated highly with the scientific GT3X device, but did display biases. In addition, the MB-derived wake-up and total-sleep-times showed high agreement with subjective reports, but partly deviated from GT3X predictions. Study 2 revealed similar MB step counts across countries, but significant later wake-up and bedtimes for Ukraine than the other countries. We hope that our studies will stimulate future large-scale sensor-based physical activity and sleep research studies, including various cultures.

scholarly journals Modelling key market impacts and land allocation for biofuel production and forestry

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
A. Korobeinikov ◽  
P. Read ◽  
A. Parshotam ◽  
J. Lermit
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Levels ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

It has been suggested that the large scale use of biofuel, that is, fuel derived from biological materials, especially in combination with reforestation of large areas, can lead to a low-cost reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. In this paper, a model of three markets: fuel, wood products, and land are considered with the aim of evaluating the impact of large scale biofuel production and forestry on these markets, and to estimate the cost of a policy aimed at the reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It is shown that the costs are lower than had been previously expected.

scholarly journals Best-first Enumeration Based on Bounding Conflicts, and its Application to Large-scale Hybrid Estimation (Extended Abstract)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Timmons ◽  
Brian C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Directed Search ◽  
Hybrid Estimation ◽  
Continuous State ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
State Models ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Belief States

State estimation methods based on hybrid discrete and continuous state models have emerged as a method of precisely computing belief states for real world systems, however they have difficulty scaling to systems with more than a handful of components. Classical, consistency based diagnosis methods scale to this level by combining best-first enumeration and conflict-directed search. While best-first methods have been developed for hybrid estimation, conflict-directed methods have thus far been elusive as conflicts summarize constraint violations, but probabilistic hybrid estimation is relatively unconstrained. In this paper we present an approach (A*BC) that unifies best-first enumeration and conflict-directed search in relatively unconstrained problems through the concept of "bounding" conflicts, an extension of conflicts that represent tighter bounds on the cost of regions of the search space. Experiments show that an A*BC powered state estimator produces estimates up to an order of magnitude faster than the current state of the art, particularly on large systems.

Performance and Isotherm Studies in Phenol Adsorption From Wastewater Using Low Cost Biomass Derived From Coconut Shells

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
Mohan Rao T. ◽  
K. Rajesh Kumar ◽  
G. Shyamala ◽  
R. Gobinath
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Batch Adsorption ◽  
Phenol Removal ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Textile Processing ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Coconut Shells ◽  
The Cost

With the growth of urbanization and industrialization, water bodies are getting polluted. Among various pollutants, phenol-based pollutants are common water pollutions which originate from wastewater discharged from processing manufacturing industries like petrochemical refineries, ceramic plants, textile processing, leather processing, synthetic rubbers, etc. These pollutants are toxic and have long-term ill effects on both humans and aquatic animals. Adsorption is well proven technique which is widely used for removal of pollutions from aqueous environments. But this process, is hindered due to the cost of adsorbents especially for large scale continuous processes. In this regard, adsorbents derived from waste biomass can be a great asset to reduce the cost of wastewater treatment. To meet this objective, coconut shells are chosen as biomass which is abundantly available from south east Asia. This biomass is converted into activated carbon and hence used to remove phenol from wastewater. Batch adsorption experiments were performed with different initial concentration, carbon dosage, pH and contact time. At a lower concentration of 50 mg/L of initial feed (phenol) concentration resulted in around 90% phenol removal and henceforth optimum results in phenol removal obtained in only 64%. Experimental results are in good agreement with Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and have shown a better fitting to the experimental data. These studies confirm that the coconut shell-based activated carbon could be used to effectively adsorb phenol from aqueous solutions.

Low-cost manufacturing process for nanostructured metals and alloys

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 2484-2488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis L. Brown ◽  
Srinivasan Swaminathan ◽  
Srinivasan Chandrasekar ◽  
W. Dale Compton ◽  
Alexander H. King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nanostructured Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Pure Metals ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Machining Operations ◽  
Low Cost Manufacturing

In spite of their interesting properties, nanostructured materials have found limited uses because of the cost of preparation and the limited range of materials that can be synthesized. It has been shown that most of these limitations can be overcome by subjecting a material to large-scale deformation, as occurs during common machining operations. The chips produced during lathe machining of a variety of pure metals, steels, and other alloys are shown to be nanostructured with grain (crystal) sizes between 100 and 800 nm. The hardness of the chips is found to be significantly greater than that of the bulk material.

OPTIMAL TESTING RESOURCE ALLOCATION FOR MODULAR SOFTWARE CONSIDERING COST, TESTING EFFORT AND RELIABILITY USING GENETIC ALGORITHM

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (06) ◽  
pp. 495-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. KAPUR ◽  
ANU. G. AGGARWAL ◽  
KANICA KAPOOR ◽  
GURJEET KAUR
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Software Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
The Cost

The demand for complex and large-scale software systems is increasing rapidly. Therefore, the development of high-quality, reliable and low cost computer software has become critical issue in the enormous worldwide computer technology market. For developing these large and complex software small and independent modules are integrated which are tested independently during module testing phase of software development. In the process, testing resources such as time, testing personnel etc. are used. These resources are not infinitely large. Consequently, it is an important matter for the project manager to allocate these limited resources among the modules optimally during the testing process. Another major concern in software development is the cost. It is in fact, profit to the management if the cost of the software is less while meeting the costumer requirements. In this paper, we investigate an optimal resource allocation problem of minimizing the cost of software testing under limited amount of available resources, given a reliability constraint. To solve the optimization problem we present genetic algorithm which stands up as a powerful tool for solving search and optimization problems. The key objective of using genetic algorithm in the field of software reliability is its capability to give optimal results through learning from historical data. One numerical example has been discussed to illustrate the applicability of the approach.

scholarly journals Technologies for Distributed Generation: key performance factors for industrial application

2018 ◽  
pp. 80-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Nalbandyan ◽  
S. S. Zholnerchik
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
The Cost

The reduction in the cost of technologies for distributed generation involves an increasing decentralization of power generation and large-scale development of distributed sources around the world. This trend is a key change in both the characteristics of electricity consumption: it is becoming increasingly flexible and mobile, and the patterns of consumer behavior in the electricity market. Electricity consumers are becoming at the same time its suppliers and require revision of traditional regulation standards of the electricity market. The purpose of the article is to assess the influence of distributed generation on the economy of both enterprises and the country as a whole. To identify the effects of the introduction of distributed generation technologies, the method of case study analysis is used. The empirical analysis was carried out on the basis of twelve Russian companies that use their own energy sources. The selected companies belong to the following industries: industrial production, housing and communal services, retail trade, construction, agriculture. Technological and economic effects are revealed. Technological ones include: improving consumer reliability, energy security, involving local energy resources, optimizing load management and redundancy, providing the flexibility of smart grids (in terms of generation), reducing the load on the environment, including CO2 emissions. Economic effects: optimization of the load schedule, reduction of losses in the process of transmission/distribution of energy, expansion of cogeneration, etc., providing the consumer with the electricity of a given quality, saving losses in networks, reducing the cost of energy. The identified effects of the introduction of distributed generation technologies make it possible to highlight the advantages of regeneration facilities: high efficiency and the possibility of cogeneration and trigeneration, individual maneuvering capacity loading, high reliability of equipment, low cost of transportation of electricity, fuel usage of the by-products and the main production waste. In conclusion, recommendations are formulated on a set of measures for the development of industrial distributed generation in Russia at the Federal level.

Assessment of Optimized Process Quality and Reliability for Wafer Level Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (S2) ◽  
pp. S1-S52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ennis Ogawa ◽  
Aimin Xing ◽  
David F.-S. Liao ◽  
Ten V. Y. Ten ◽  
Chong Wei Neo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Integration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Single Defect ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Quality And Reliability ◽  
Edge Delamination ◽  
The Cost

Fanout Wafer Level Packaging (FoWLP) is a very attractive solution for microelectronics applications requiring optimized performance, smaller form factor, and low cost. By utilizing such an approach where system integration is done to multiple chips on a single package frame, the need to ensure much higher levels of process integrity, quality, and reliability becomes absolutely critical, especially if the total product volume lies in the range of tens of millions of units. A single defect type may negate the benefits of such an approach because the cost of losing one FoWLP unit results in the loss of multiple devices. Thus, yield, quality, and reliability optimization using such a package solution is critical for successful large scale manufacturing. In this talk, the issue of defectivity and its impact on quality and reliability on Wafer-Level (WL) devices with regards to the issue of Die Edge Delamination (DED) and Chip Mechanical Integrity (CMI) is discussed. Through this discussion and the resulting solutions found to improve WL quality and reliability, better understanding on how to assess the quality and reliability of a given FoWLP solution for large scale production will be demonstrated.

scholarly journals Development of a Low-Cost and High-Efficiency Culture Medium for Bacteriocin Lac-B23 Production by Lactobacillus plantarum J23

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Jianming Zhang ◽  
Yushan Bu ◽  
Chengcheng Zhang ◽  
Huaxi Yi ◽  
Daqun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Manganese Sulfate ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mrs Broth

At present, De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth is the medium of choice for promoting bacteriocin production. However, this medium is expensive and not applicable for large-scale production. Therefore, a low-cost and high-efficiency culture medium for bacteriocin Lac-B23 production by Lactobacillus plantarum J23 was developed. First, the effects of the composition of MRS broth on bacteriocin Lac-B23 production and bacterial growth were researched by a one variable at a time approach. Then, a Plackett-Burman design was used to screen significant components for production. Finally, the steepest ascent and central composite designs were used to obtain an optimum medium. The final composition of the modified MRS was much simpler than MRS broth, and the modified MRS contained only glucose, yeast extract, dipotassium phosphate, manganese sulfate monohydrate, Tween 80 and sodium acetate anhydrous. The highest bacteriocin Lac-B23 production reached 2560 activity units (AU)/mL in the modified MRS, which is nine times higher than that in MRS broth (280 AU/mL). Meanwhile, the cost per liter of the modified MRS (8.56 Ren Min Bi (RMB)/L) is 34.70% the cost of MRS broth (13.11 RMB/L), and the cost per arbitrary units of bacteriocin Lac-B23 in the modified MRS is approximately fourteen times more convenient (3.34 RMB/106 AU) than in the MRS broth (46.82 RMB/106 AU).

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