scholarly journals The limits of evolutionary convergence in sympatry: reproductive interference and developmental constraints leading to local diversity in aposematic signals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludovic Maisonneuve ◽  
Charline Smadi ◽  
Violaine Llaurens
Keyword(s):  
Mate Recognition ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Reproductive Interference ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Trait Divergence ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Mutualistic Interaction ◽  
Evolutionary Convergence ◽  
Aposematic Signals ◽  
Imperfect Mimicry

ABSTRACTMutualistic interaction between defended species is a striking case of evolutionary convergence in sympatry, driven by the increased protection against predators brought by mimicry. However, such convergence is often limited: sympatric defended species frequently display different or imperfectly similar warning traits. The phylogenetic distance between sympatric species may indeed prevent evolution towards the exact same signal. Moreover, warning traits are also implied in mate recognition, so that trait convergence might result in heterospecific courtship and mating. Here, we investigate the strength and direction of convergence in warning trait in defended species with different ancestral traits, using a mathematical model. We specifically determine the effect of phenotypic distances among ancestral traits of converging species, and costs of heterospecific sexual interactions on imperfect mimicry and trait divergence. Our analytical results confirm that reproductive interference limits the convergence of warning trait, leading to either imperfect mimicry or complete divergence. More surprisingly, our model pinpoints that reproductive interference can change the direction of convergence depending on the relative species densities. We also show that reproductive interference can generate imperfect mimicry only between species with different ancestral traits. Our model therefore highlights that convergence triggered by Müllerian mimicry not only depends on relative defence levels, but that relative species densities, heterospecific sexual interactions and ancestral traits interfere in the direction and strength of convergence between species.

scholarly journals Olfactory mate recognition in a sympatric species pair of three-spined sticklebacks

2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 965-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole E. Rafferty ◽  
Janette Wenrick Boughman
Keyword(s):  
Mate Recognition ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Species Pair

scholarly journals Sex, Competition and Mimicry : an eco-evolutionary model reveals how ecological interactions shape the evolution of phenotypes in sympatry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boussens-Dumon Grégoire ◽  
Llaurens Violaine
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Reproductive Interference ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Phenotypic Evolution ◽  
Phenotypic Divergence ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
The Impact

1AbstractPhenotypic evolution in sympatric species can be strongly impacted by species interactions, either mutualistic or antagonistic, which may favour local phenotypic divergence or convergence. Interspecific sexual interactions between sympatric species has been shown to favour phenotypic divergence of traits used as sexual cues for example. Those traits may also be involved in local adaptation or in other types of species interactions resulting in complex evolution of traits shared by sympatric species. Here we focus on mimicry and study how reproductive interference may impair phenotypic convergence between species with various levels of defences. We use a deterministic model assuming two sympatric species and where individuals can display two different warning colour patterns. This eco-evolutionary model explores how ecological interactions shape phenotypic evolution within sympatric species. We investigate the effect of (1) the opposing density-dependent selections exerted on colour patterns by predation and reproductive behaviour, and (2) the impact of relative species and phenotype abundances on the fitness costs faced by each individual depending on their species and phenotype. Our model shows that reproductive interference may limit the convergent effect of mimetic interactions and may promote phenotypic divergence between Müllerian mimics. The divergent and convergent evolution of traits also strongly depends on the relative species and phenotype abundances and levels of trophic competition, highlighting how the eco-evolutionary feedbacks between phenotypic evolution and species abundances may result in strikingly different evolutionary routes.

scholarly journals Reproductive interference explains persistence of aggression between species

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1804) ◽  
pp. 20142256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Drury ◽  
Kenichi W. Okamoto ◽  
Christopher N. Anderson ◽  
Gregory F. Grether
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Reproductive Interference ◽  
Interspecific Aggression ◽  
Interspecific Territoriality ◽  
Interspecific Divergence ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Competitor Recognition ◽  
Female Coloration

Interspecific territoriality occurs when individuals of different species fight over space, and may arise spontaneously when populations of closely related territorial species first come into contact. But defence of space is costly, and unless the benefits of excluding heterospecifics exceed the costs, natural selection should favour divergence in competitor recognition until the species no longer interact aggressively. Ordinarily males of different species do not compete for mates, but when males cannot distinguish females of sympatric species, females may effectively become a shared resource. We model how reproductive interference caused by undiscriminating males can prevent interspecific divergence, or even cause convergence, in traits used to recognize competitors. We then test the model in a genus of visually orienting insects and show that, as predicted by the model, differences between species pairs in the level of reproductive interference, which is causally related to species differences in female coloration, are strongly predictive of the current level of interspecific aggression. Interspecific reproductive interference is very common and we discuss how it may account for the persistence of interspecific aggression in many taxonomic groups.

scholarly journals How the Easter Egg Weevils Got Their Spots: Phylogenomics reveals Müllerian Mimicry in Pachyrhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew H. Van Dam ◽  
Analyn Anzano Cabras ◽  
Athena W. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Müllerian Mimicry ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Alfred Russel Wallace ◽  
Mullerian Mimicry ◽  
Imperfect Mimicry

ABSTRACTThe evolutionary origins of mimicry in the Easter Egg weevil, Pachyrhynchus, have fascinated researchers since first noted more than a century ago by Alfred Russel Wallace. Müllerian mimicry, or mimicry in which two or more distasteful species look similar, is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. Given the varied but discrete color patterns in Pachyrhynchus, this genus presents one of the best opportunities to study the evolution of both perfect and imperfect mimicry. We analyzed more than 10,000 UCE loci using a novel partitioning strategy to resolve the relationships of closely related species in the genus. Our results indicate that many of the mimetic color patterns observed in sympatric species are due to convergent evolution. We suggest that this convergence is driven by frequency-dependent selection.

scholarly journals Character displacement drives trait divergence in a continental fauna

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (20) ◽  
pp. e2021209118
Author(s):  
Sean A. S. Anderson ◽  
Jason T. Weir
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
New World ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Species Sorting ◽  
Trait Divergence ◽  
The Tropics

Coexisting (sympatric) pairs of closely related species are often characterized by exaggerated trait differences. This widespread pattern is consistent with adaptation for reduced similarity due to costly interactions (i.e., “character displacement”)—a classic hypothesis in evolutionary theory. But it is equally consistent with a community assembly bias in which lineages with greater trait differences are more likely to establish overlapping ranges in the first place (i.e., “species sorting”), as well as with null expectations of trait divergence through time. Few comparative analyses have explicitly modeled these alternatives, and it remains unclear whether trait divergence is a general prerequisite for sympatry or a consequence of interactions between sympatric species. Here, we develop statistical models that allow us to distinguish the signature of these processes based on patterns of trait divergence in closely related lineage pairs. We compare support for each model using a dataset of bill shape differences in 207 pairs of New World terrestrial birds representing 30 avian families. We find that character displacement models are overwhelmingly supported over species sorting and null expectations, indicating that exaggerated bill shape differences in sympatric pairs result from enhanced divergent selection in sympatry. We additionally detect a latitudinal gradient in character displacement, which appears strongest in the tropics. Our analysis implicates costly species interactions as powerful drivers of trait divergence in a major vertebrate fauna. These results help substantiate a long-standing but equivocally supported linchpin of evolutionary theory.

scholarly journals Patterns of divergence in the morphology of ceratopsian dinosaurs: sympatry is not a driver of ornament evolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1875) ◽  
pp. 20180312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Knapp ◽  
Robert J. Knell ◽  
Andrew A. Farke ◽  
Mark A. Loewen ◽  
David W. E. Hone
Keyword(s):  
Species Recognition ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Recognition Mechanism ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Ornament Evolution ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ornamental Traits ◽  
Ceratopsian Dinosaurs

Establishing the origin and function of unusual traits in fossil taxa provides a crucial tool in understanding macroevolutionary patterns over long periods of time. Ceratopsian dinosaurs are known for their exaggerated and often elaborate horns and frills, which vary considerably between species. Many explanations have been proposed for the origin and evolution of these ‘ornamental’ traits, from predator defence to socio-sexual dominance signalling and, more recently, species recognition. A key prediction of the species recognition hypothesis is that two or more species possessing divergent ornamental traits should have been at least partially sympatric. For the first time to our knowledge, we test this hypothesis in ceratopsians by conducting a comparison of the morphological characters of 46 species. A total of 350 ceratopsian cladistic characters were categorized as either ‘internal’, ‘display’ (i.e. ornamental) or ‘non display’. Patterns of diversity of these characters were evaluated across 1035 unique species pairs. Display characters were found to diverge rapidly overall, but sympatric species were not found to differ significantly in their ornamental disparity from non-sympatric species, regardless of phylogenetic distance. The prediction of the species recognition hypothesis, and thus the idea that ornamentation evolved as a species recognition mechanism, has no statistical support among known ceratopsians.

scholarly journals Spatial Mixing between Calling Males of Two Closely Related, Sympatric Crickets Suggests Beneficial Heterospecific Interactions in a NonAdaptive Radiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingzi Xu ◽  
Kerry L Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Reproductive Interference ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Acoustic Analyses ◽  
Pulse Structure ◽  
Heterospecific Aggression

Abstract Sympatry among closely related species occurs in both adaptive and nonadaptive radiations. Among closely related, sympatric species of a nonadaptive radiation, the lack of ecological differentiation brings species into continual contact where individuals are exposed to the risk of reproductive interference. Selection thus should cause divergence in multiple components mediating the reproductive boundary. Besides differentiation of reproductive signals per se, spatial segregation is a commonly proposed mechanism that can mitigate reproductive interference. Studying a pair of broadly sympatric, closely related cricket species from a nonadaptive radiation in Hawaii, we 1) quantified acoustic divergence of male songs and 2) tested alternative hypotheses of spatial distribution of calling males of the 2 species. Acoustic analyses of the recorded songs showed that, while the 2 species differed substantially in pulse rate, no spectral or fine temporal segregation of the pulse structure was evident, indicating the potential for acoustic masking. Moreover, we found that calling males of the 2 species are highly mixed both vertically and horizontally and showed the same preference for calling sites. More surprisingly, calling males were found to form mixed-species calling clusters where heterospecific males are closer to each other than conspecific males. Such an individual spacing pattern suggests low heterospecific aggression and/or high conspecific competition. Because females prefer higher sound intensity, heterospecific males may benefit, rather than interfere, with each other in attracting females. These findings offer a potential mechanism enabling species coexistence in sympatry.

scholarly journals Noisy neighbours among the selfish herd: a critical song distance mediates mate recognition within cicada emergences (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Chatfield-Taylor ◽  
Jeffrey A Cole
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Mate Recognition ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
Male Quality ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Recognition Errors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Song Parameter

Abstract Cicadas probably experience mate recognition challenges as a result of the densities that may occur during adult emergence events, and in Okanagana, the most speciose genus of North American cicadas, high alpha diversities during protoperiodical emergences will exacerbate the mate recognition problem. Using 227 songs from 23 taxa, a linear plateau model regressed recognition potential, estimated from linear discriminant analysis, against song distance, revealing a critical song distance of 0.728 standard deviations in z-transformed song parameter space accompanied by a recognition of 91.6%. Based on detailed examination of museum specimen localities, field observations and habitat, taxa were classified as sympatric or allopatric. Sympatric species were separated by song distances that were significantly greater than this critical distance. As expected for mate recognition characters, little within-species variance was observed in the songs of most species, and the relationship between increases in syllable rate and improved recognition was one of diminishing returns. For several taxa that sang with extreme syllable rates of high variance, a mate recognition – sexual selection continuum is proposed. Along this continuum rapid rates simultaneously prevent mate recognition errors while signalling male quality to females.

scholarly journals Convergent morphology and divergent phenology promote the coexistence of Morpho butterfly species

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Le Roy ◽  
Camille Roux ◽  
Elisabeth Authier ◽  
Hugues Parrinello ◽  
Héloïse Bastide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Reproductive Interference ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Closely Related Species

AbstractThe coexistence of closely-related species in sympatry is puzzling because ecological niche proximity imposes strong competition and reproductive interference. A striking example is the widespread wing pattern convergence of several blue-banded Morpho butterfly species with overlapping ranges of distribution. Here we perform a series of field experiments using flying Morpho dummies placed in a natural habitat. We show that similarity in wing colour pattern indeed leads to interspecific territoriality and courtship among sympatric species. In spite of such behavioural interference, demographic inference from genomic data shows that sympatric closely-related Morpho species are genetically isolated. Mark-recapture experiments in the two most closely-related species unravel a strong temporal segregation in patrolling activity of males. Such divergence in phenology reduces the costs of reproductive interference while simultaneously preserving the benefits of convergence in non-reproductive traits in response to common ecological pressures. Henceforth, the evolution of multiple traits may favour species diversification in sympatry by partitioning niche in different dimensions.

Mate recognition in two sympatric species of butterflies,Pieris rapae andP. melete

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Ohguchi ◽  
Toshitaka Hidaka
Keyword(s):  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Mate Recognition ◽  
Sympatric Species
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