scholarly journals Pelagic larval polyclads that practice macrophagous carnivory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
George von Dassow ◽  
Cecili Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Fast Moving ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Polyclad Flatworms ◽  
Active Swimming

ABSTRACTWe report evidence that hatchling polyclads of several genera feed in the plankton on large prey. These ciliated swimmers, despite apparently lacking means to concentrate food or even detect it at a distance, subdue and consume fast-moving active-swimming plankters such as crustacean larvae and copepods, or molluskan veligers. We describe feeding events in captivity using videomicroscopy, and identify several wild-caught predatory pelagic polyclad larvae to genus or species level by DNA barcoding. Remarkably, one of these types is identified unambiguously with a species previously observed as Müller’s larvae, which live as conventional planktotrophs on an inferred diet of small phytoflagellates. Therefore we conclude first that while so-called “direct-developing” polyclad flatworms may hatch with juvenile-like morphology, at least some of these are functionally larvae. Second, that some species of polyclad have at least a triphasic life cycle, with a first larval stage living in the plankton on primary producers followed by a second larval stage living in the plankton by macrophagous carnivory, before presumably settling to the benthos for adult life.

Phoronida

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Intertidal Zone ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
General Morphology ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Planktonic Larval Stage

This chapter describes the taxonomy of Phoronida, a small group of exclusively marine invertebrates found in most of the world's oceans from the intertidal zone to about 400 metres depth. Phoronids are meroplanktonic with a planktonic larval stage usually less than 2 mm in length and a benthic adult whose length ranges from a few cm up to 50 cm. The chapter covers their life cycle, ecology, and general morphology. It includes a section that indicates the systematic placement of the taxon described within the tree of life, and lists the key marine representative illustrated in the chapter (usually to genus or family level). This section also provides information on the taxonomic authorities responsible for the classification adopted, recent changes which might have occurred, and lists relevant taxonomic sources.

scholarly journals Transcriptome profiling of the honeybee parasite Varroa destructor provides new biological insights into the mite adult life cycle

BMC Genomics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Mondet ◽  
Andrea Rau ◽  
Christophe Klopp ◽  
Marine Rohmer ◽  
Dany Severac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Varroa Destructor ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling

scholarly journals Assessing universality of DNA barcoding in geographically isolated selected desert medicinal species of Fabaceae and Poaceae

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisha Tahir ◽  
Fatma Hussain ◽  
Nisar Ahmed ◽  
Abdolbaset Ghorbani ◽  
Amer Jamil
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Species Identification ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Medicinal Species ◽  
Level Identification ◽  
Geographically Isolated

In pursuit of developing fast and accurate species-level molecular identification methods, we tested six DNA barcodes, namely ITS2, matK, rbcLa, ITS2+matK, ITS2+rbcLa, matK+rbcLa and ITS2+matK+rbcLa, for their capacity to identify frequently consumed but geographically isolated medicinal species of Fabaceae and Poaceae indigenous to the desert of Cholistan. Data were analysed by BLASTn sequence similarity, pairwise sequence divergence in TAXONDNA, and phylogenetic (neighbour-joining and maximum-likelihood trees) methods. Comparison of six barcode regions showed that ITS2 has the highest number of variable sites (209/360) for tested Fabaceae and (106/365) Poaceae species, the highest species-level identification (40%) in BLASTn procedure, distinct DNA barcoding gap, 100% correct species identification in BM and BCM functions of TAXONDNA, and clear cladding pattern with high nodal support in phylogenetic trees in both families. ITS2+matK+rbcLa followed ITS2 in its species-level identification capacity. The study was concluded with advocating the DNA barcoding as an effective tool for species identification and ITS2 as the best barcode region in identifying medicinal species of Fabaceae and Poaceae. Current research has practical implementation potential in the fields of pharmaco-vigilance, trade of medicinal plants and biodiversity conservation.

scholarly journals Chironomidae: Biology, Ecology and Systematics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zerguine Karima
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Important Family ◽  
Theoretical Synthesis ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Holarctic Region

The family of Chironomidae is a group of Diptera insects belonging to the suborder of Nematocera, commonly called “non-biting midges” in the adult stage and “bloodworms” in the larval stage. The Chironomidae are often the most abundant group of macroinvertebrates, in number of species and individuals, encountered in all aquatic environments of freshwater, brackish, terrestrial and even the sea. Likewise, Chironomidae occur in all the continents. The Chironomidae family is divided into 11 sub-families that have diffrent ecological statues. Despite the wealth of data on Chironomidae in the Holarctic region, other parts of the world are poorly studied and few guides to identifying Chironomidae have been produced. This chapter includes a theoretical synthesis on the Chironomidae, it deals with the Biology (life cycle and description of different stages), description of all subfamilies and the ecology of this important family of Diptera.

scholarly journals Biology of Diadiplosis multifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Planococcus citri under constant temperatures

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-352
Author(s):  
Alexandre Martins Dos Santos ◽  
José Eudes De Morais Oliveira ◽  
Andréa Nunes Moreira de Carvalho ◽  
Martin Duarte De Oliveira ◽  
Carla Patrícia Oliveira de Assis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Planococcus Citri ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Northeast Region ◽  
Embryonic Period ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Total Life

Diadiplosis multifila was recently discovered feeding on Planococcus citri eggs in vineyards in the semi-arid northeast region of Brazil. The objective of the present paper was to study the biology of D. multifila in P. citri under constant temperatures of 22, 25, 28, and 31 °C. We evaluated its embryonic stage, egg viability, development period, survival of larva and pupa, longevity, average number of eggs, and sex ratio. D. multifila completed its life cycle in all temperatures except for 31 °C. The length of the embryonic period ranged from 4 to 7 days. The larval stage was longer at a temperature of 22 °C (8.6 days) and shorter at 28 °C (6.4). The pupal stage exhibited durations of 12.9, 10.4, and 8.2 days for temperatures of 22, 25, and 28 °C, respectively. The average viability in the larval stage was 97% and 83% in the pupal stage. The total life cycle took 16.7 (28 °C), 20 (25 °C), and 27 (22 °C) days to complete. The adults lived for approximately 2 days and the females produced on average 34, 25, and 19 eggs at temperatures of 22, 25, and 28 °C, respectively. The sex ratio varied from 0.46 to 0.54.

scholarly journals A contribution to the study of biology of Curculio elephas Gyll. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

2011 ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Milan Drekic ◽  
Ljubodrag Mihajlovic
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
One Year ◽  
Entomological Laboratory ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Curculio Elephas

One of the insects that feeds on pedunculate oak acorns and reduces its seed yield is Curculio elephas Gyll. The study of Curculio elephas Gyll is necessary because of the severe damages caused by this insect and also owing to its insufficiently investigated biology. The research was conducted in the common oak seed orchard at Banov Brod, forest estate ?Sremska Mitrovica?, and in the entomological laboratory. The adults emerge from the soil chambers from mid July till the beginning of September. The presence of adults, as determined by crown fogging, ranged from the end of July till the beginning of September with the highest number in mid August. After emerging from the soil, females are already fertile with the developed eggs in the ovaries. They start egg laying after 1 to 8 days and they lay from one to seven eggs per day. Egg laying period lasts from 7 to 20 days. Fertility of C. elephas females ranges from 5 to 40 eggs, while their fecundity ranges from 19 to 45 eggs. At the end of the larval stage, larvae bore into the soil and stay there from one to three years. The species hibernates only in the larval stage. C. elephas has a one-year life cycle, while a minor part of the population has a two or three-year life cycle.

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