scholarly journals Temporo-cerebellar connectivity underlies timing constraints in audition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anika Stockert ◽  
Michael Schwartze ◽  
David Poeppel ◽  
Alfred Anwander ◽  
Sonja A. Kotz
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Hemispheric Specialization ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Forward Modeling ◽  
Internal Models ◽  
Fiber Tractography ◽  
Temporal Properties

AbstractThe flexible and efficient adaptation to dynamic, rapid changes in the auditory environment likely involves generating and updating of internal models. Such models arguably exploit connections between the neocortex and the cerebellum, supporting proactive adaptation. Here we test the functional mechanisms associated with temporo-cerebellar connectivity, verifying these mechanisms for speech sounds. First, we identify lesion-specific deficits for the encoding of short timescale spectro-temporal non-speech and speech properties in patients with left posterior temporal cortex stroke. Second, using lesion-guided probabilistic tractography in healthy participants, we reveal bidirectional temporo-cerebellar connectivity with cerebellar dentate nuclei and crura I/II. These findings imply that the encoding and modeling of rapidly modulated auditory spectro-temporal properties engage a temporo-cerebellar interface. The data further support the conjecture that proactive adaptation to a dynamic environment via internal models is a generalizable principle.Significance StatementAsymmetric sampling in time, the principle of duration-sensitive hemispheric specialization of the cerebral cortex in the sensory decomposition of sound, is a widely tested hypothesis in auditory neuroscience. This functional organization is mirrored in the cerebellar cortex, implicated in the internal forward-modeling of sensory feedback that arises from motor actions. The potential structural and functional integration of these systems is not well understood. Using a unique combination of causal lesion-symptom mapping in persons with temporal lobe damage and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance neuroimaging in healthy persons, we identify one key missing link and provide evidence for cross-lateral temporo-cerebellar connectivity using probabilistic white matter fiber tractography. These cerebellar-pontine-temporal cortex connections not only support asymmetric sampling in time but also establish the basis for a generalizable role of cerebellar forward-modeling in sensation beyond the monitoring of sensory feedback in the motor domain.

scholarly journals Temporo-cerebellar connectivity underlies timing constraints in audition

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anika Stockert ◽  
Michael Schwartze ◽  
David Poeppel ◽  
Alfred Anwander ◽  
Sonja Kotz
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Internal Models ◽  
Timing Constraints ◽  
Probabilistic Tractography ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Short Timescale ◽  
Left Posterior ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Healthy Participants

The flexible and efficient adaptation to dynamic, rapid changes in the auditory environment likely involves generating and updating of internal models. Such models arguably exploit connections between the neocortex and the cerebellum, supporting proactive adaptation. Here we tested whether temporo-cerebellar disconnection is associated with the processing of sound at short-timescales. First, we identify lesion-specific deficits for the encoding of short timescale spectro-temporal non-speech and speech properties in patients with left posterior temporal cortex stroke. Second, using lesion- guided probabilistic tractography in healthy participants, we revealed bidirectional temporo-cerebellar connectivity with cerebellar dentate nuclei and crura I/II. These findings support the view that the encoding and modeling of rapidly modulated auditory spectro-temporal properties can rely on a temporo-cerebellar interface. We discuss these findings in view of the conjecture that proactive adaptation to a dynamic environment via internal models is a generalizable principle.

scholarly journals The unbalanced reorganization of weaker functional connections induces the altered brain network topology in schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossana Mastrandrea ◽  
Fabrizio Piras ◽  
Andrea Gabrielli ◽  
Nerisa Banaj ◽  
Guido Caldarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Node Degree ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
The Brain

AbstractNetwork neuroscience shed some light on the functional and structural modifications occurring to the brain associated with the phenomenology of schizophrenia. In particular, resting-state functional networks have helped our understanding of the illness by highlighting the global and local alterations within the cerebral organization. We investigated the robustness of the brain functional architecture in 44 medicated schizophrenic patients and 40 healthy comparators through an advanced network analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. The networks in patients showed more resistance to disconnection than in healthy controls, with an evident discrepancy between the two groups in the node degree distribution computed along a percolation process. Despite a substantial similarity of the basal functional organization between the two groups, the expected hierarchy of healthy brains' modular organization is crumbled in schizophrenia, showing a peculiar arrangement of the functional connections, characterized by several topologically equivalent backbones. Thus, the manifold nature of the functional organization’s basal scheme, together with its altered hierarchical modularity, may be crucial in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. This result fits the disconnection hypothesis that describes schizophrenia as a brain disorder characterized by an abnormal functional integration among brain regions.

scholarly journals Visual predictions, neural oscillations and naïve physics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake W. Saurels ◽  
Wiremu Hohaia ◽  
Kielan Yarrow ◽  
Alan Johnston ◽  
Derek H. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Internal Models ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Alpha Band ◽  
Core Property ◽  
Ball Tracking ◽  
Band Activity

AbstractPrediction is a core function of the human visual system. Contemporary research suggests the brain builds predictive internal models of the world to facilitate interactions with our dynamic environment. Here, we wanted to examine the behavioural and neurological consequences of disrupting a core property of peoples’ internal models, using naturalistic stimuli. We had people view videos of basketball and asked them to track the moving ball and predict jump shot outcomes, all while we recorded eye movements and brain activity. To disrupt people’s predictive internal models, we inverted footage on half the trials, so dynamics were inconsistent with how movements should be shaped by gravity. When viewing upright videos people were better at predicting shot outcomes, at tracking the ball position, and they had enhanced alpha-band oscillatory activity in occipital brain regions. The advantage for predicting upright shot outcomes scaled with improvements in ball tracking and occipital alpha-band activity. Occipital alpha-band activity has been linked to selective attention and spatially-mapped inhibitions of visual brain activity. We propose that when people have a more accurate predictive model of the environment, they can more easily parse what is relevant, allowing them to better target irrelevant positions for suppression—resulting in both better predictive performance and in neural markers of inhibited information processing.

Functional Role of the Left Ventral Occipito-Temporal Cortex in Reading

2013 ◽  
pp. 192-200
Author(s):  
Geqi Qi ◽  
Jinglong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Two Sides

The sensitivity of the left ventral occipito-temporal (vOT) cortex to visual word processing has triggered a considerable debate about the functional role of this region in reading. The debate rests largely on the issue whether this particular region is specifically dedicated to reading and the extraction of invariant visual word form. A lot of studies have been conducted to provide evidences supporting or against the functional specialization of this region. However, the trend is showing that the different functional properties proposed by the two kinds of view are not in conflict with each other, but instead show different sides of the same fact. Here, the authors focus on two questions: firstly, where do the two views conflict, and secondly, how do they fit with each other on a larger framework of functional organization in object vision pathway? This review evaluates findings from the two sides of the debate for a broader understanding of the functional role of the left vOT cortex.

scholarly journals Frequency-dependent circuits anchored in the dorsal and ventral left anterior insula

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifeng Wang ◽  
Qijun Zou ◽  
Yujia Ao ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Yujie Ouyang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Organization ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Anterior Insula ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Cognitive Neurosciences ◽  
The Right

Abstract The hub role of the right anterior insula (AI) has been emphasized in cognitive neurosciences and been demonstrated to be frequency-dependently organized. However, the functional organization of left AI (LAI) has not been systematically investigated. Here we used 100 unrelated datasets from the Human Connectome Project to study the frequency-dependent organization of LAI along slow 6 to slow 1 bands. The broadband functional connectivity of LAI was similar to previous findings. In slow 6-slow 3 bands, both dorsal and ventral seeds in LAI were correlated to the salience network (SN) and language network (LN) and anti-correlated to the default mode network (DMN). However, these seeds were only correlated to the LAI in slow 2-slow 1 bands. These findings indicate that broadband and narrow band functional connections reflect different functional organizations of the LAI. Furthermore, the dorsal seed had a stronger connection with the LN and anti-correlation with DMN while the ventral seed had a stronger connection within the SN in slow 6-slow 3 bands. In slow 2-slow 1 bands, both seeds had stronger connections with themselves. These observations indicate distinctive functional organizations for the two parts of LAI. Significant frequency effect and frequency by seed interaction were also found, suggesting different frequency characteristics of these two seeds. The functional integration and functional segregation of LDAI and LVAI were further supported by their cognitive associations. The frequency- and seed-dependent functional organizations of LAI may enlighten future clinical and cognitive investigations.

scholarly journals Correct Laminar Positioning in the Neocortex Influences Proper Dendritic and Synaptic Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 2976-2990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Sandrine Martineau ◽  
Surajit Sahu ◽  
Vanessa Plantier ◽  
Emmanuelle Buhler ◽  
Fabienne Schaller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Migration ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Gabaergic Synapses ◽  
Dendrite Morphogenesis

Abstract The neocortex is a 6-layered laminated structure with a precise anatomical and functional organization ensuring proper function. Laminar positioning of cortical neurons, as determined by termination of neuronal migration, is a key determinant of their ability to assemble into functional circuits. However, the exact contribution of laminar placement to dendrite morphogenesis and synapse formation remains unclear. Here we manipulated the laminar position of cortical neurons by knocking down doublecortin (Dcx), a crucial effector of migration, and show that misplaced neurons fail to properly form dendrites, spines, and functional glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. We further show that knocking down Dcx in properly positioned neurons induces similar but milder defects, suggesting that the laminar misplacement is the primary cause of altered neuronal development. Thus, the specific laminar environment of their fated layers is crucial for the maturation of cortical neurons, and influences their functional integration into developing cortical circuits.

Microsurgical and Tractographic Anatomical Study of Transtemporal-Transchoroidal Fissure Approaches to the Ambient Cistern

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emrah Egemen ◽  
Pinar Celtikci ◽  
Yücel Dogruel ◽  
Fatih Yakar ◽  
Defne Sahinoglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Anterior Commissure ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Fiber Tractography ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Fiber Dissection ◽  
Ambient Cistern

Abstract BACKGROUND Approaching ambient cistern lesions is still a challenge because of deep location and related white matter tracts (WMTs) and neural structures. OBJECTIVE To investigate the white matter anatomy in the course of 3 types of transtemporal-transchoroidal fissure approaches (TTcFA) to ambient cistern by using fiber dissection technique with translumination and magnetic resonance imaging fiber tractography. METHODS Eight formalin-fixed cerebral hemispheres were dissected on surgical corridor from the temporal cortex to the ambient cistern by using Klingler's method. The trans-middle temporal gyrus, trans-inferior temporal sulcus (TITS), and trans-inferior temporal gyrus (TITG) approaches were evaluated. WMTs that were identified during dissection were then reconstructed on the Human Connectome Project 1021 individual template for validation. RESULTS The trans-middle gyrus approach interrupted the U fibers, arcuate fasciculus (AF), the ventral segment of inferior frontoocipital fasciculus (IFOF), the temporal extensions of the anterior commissure (AC) posterior crura, the tapetum (Tp) fibers, and the anterior loop of the optic radiation (OR). The TITS approach interrupted U fibers, inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), IFOF, and OR. The TITG approach interrupted the U fibers, ILF, and OR. The middle longitudinal fasciculus, ILF, and uncinate fasciculus (UF) were not interrupted in the trans-middle gyrus approach and the AF, UF, AC, and Tp fibers were not interrupted in the TITS/gyrus approaches. CONCLUSION Surgical planning of the ambient cistern lesions requires detailed knowledge about WMTs. Fiber dissection and tractography techniques improve the orientation during surgery and may help decrease surgical complications.

Pavlov, Penfield, and the physiology of the mind

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 575-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Leblanc
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Reflex ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Conditioned Reflexes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Wilder Penfield's contributions to the structure–function relationships of the brain are well-known. Less well-known is the influence that Ivan Pavlov and the conditioned reflex had on Penfield's understanding of epileptogenesis, and on his concept of the acquisition of memories, language, and perception—what Penfield referred to as the physiology of the mind. Penfield invoked conditioned reflexes to explain responses to electrocortical stimulation of the temporal lobes that encompass memory, perception, and affect. Penfield referred to these responses as experiential phenomena since he considered that they constituted a record of past experiences. Penfield also invoked the conditioned reflex to explain the acquisition of the interpretive aspects of written and spoken language in the dominant temporal cortex. This article describes and discusses these neglected aspects of Penfield's work, and how they contributed to a broader understanding of the functional integration of the temporal cortex and the limbic system.

Semantic and phonological processing in illiteracy

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 818-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARY H. KOSMIDIS ◽  
KYRANA TSAPKINI ◽  
VASILIKI FOLIA ◽  
CHRISTINA H. VLAHOU ◽  
GRIGORIS KIOSSEOGLOU
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Oral Language ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Hemispheric Specialization ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Phonological Information

Researchers of cognitive processing in illiteracy have proposed that the acquisition of literacy modifies the functional organization of the brain. They have suggested that, while illiterate individuals have access only to innate semantic processing skills, those who have learned the correspondence between graphemes and phonemes have several mechanisms available to them through which to process oral language. We conducted 2 experiments to verify that suggestion with respect to language processing, and to elucidate further the differences between literate and illiterate individuals in the cognitive strategies used to process oral language, as well as hemispheric specialization for these processes. Our findings suggest that semantic processing strategies are qualitatively the same in literates and illiterates, despite the fact that overall performance is augmented by increased education. In contrast, explicit processing of oral information based on phonological characteristics appears to be qualitatively different between literates and illiterates: effective strategies in the processing of phonological information depend upon having had a formal education, regardless of the level of education. We also confirmed the differential abilities needed for the processing of semantic and phonological information and related them to hemisphere-specific processing. (JINS, 2004,10, 818–827.)

The Neural Correlates of Object Familiarity and Domain Specificity in the Human Visual Cortex: An fMRI Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2878-2891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Daniele Zannino ◽  
Francesco Barban ◽  
Emiliano Macaluso ◽  
Carlo Caltagirone ◽  
Giovanni A. Carlesimo
Keyword(s):  
Functional Organization ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Visual Noise ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Structural Description ◽  
Visual Object Recognition ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Functional Locus ◽  
Object Familiarity

Ventral occipito-temporal cortex is known to play a major role in visual object recognition. Still unknown is whether object familiarity and semantic domain are critical factors in its functional organization. Most models assume a functional locus where exemplars of familiar categories are represented: the structural description system. On the assumption that familiarity should modulate the effect of visual noise on form recognition, we attempted to individualize the structural description system by scanning healthy subjects while they looked at familiar (living and nonliving things) and novel 3-D objects, either with increasing or decreasing visual noise. Familiarity modulated the visual noise effect (particularly when familiar items were living things), revealing a substrate for the structural description system in right occipito-temporal cortex. These regions also responded preferentially to living as compared to nonliving items. Overall, these results suggest that living items are particularly reliant on the structural description system.

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