scholarly journals Comparative anatomy of leaf petioles in temperate trees and shrubs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arinawa Liz Filartiga ◽  
Adam Klimes ◽  
Jan Altman ◽  
Michael Petr Nobis ◽  
Alan Crivellaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Temperate Trees ◽  
Leaf Area And Thickness ◽  
Epidermis Cell ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

Petioles are important plant organs connecting stems with leaf blades and affecting light-harvesting leaf ability as well as transport of water, nutrient and biochemical signals. Despite petiole's high diversity in size, shape and anatomical settings, little information is available about their structural adaptations across evolutionary lineages and environmental conditions. To fill our knowledge gap, we investigated the variation of petiole morphology and anatomy in 95 European woody plant species using phylogenetic comparative models. Two major axes of variation were related to leaf area (from large and soft to small and tough leaves), and plant size (from cold-adapted shrubs to warm-adapted tall trees). Larger and softer leaves are found in taller trees of more productive habitats. Their petioles are longer, with a circular outline, thin cuticles without trichomes, and are anatomically characterised by the predominance of sclerenchyma, larger vessels, interfascicular areas with fibers, indistinct phloem rays, and the occurrence of prismatic crystals and druses. In contrast, smaller and tougher leaves are found in shorter trees and shrubs of colder or drier habitats. Their petioles are characterized by teret outline, thick cuticle, simple and non-glandular trichomes, epidermal cells smaller than cortex cells, phloem composed of small cells and radially arranged vessels, fiberless xylem, lamellar collenchyma, acicular crystals and secretory elements. Individual anatomical traits were linked to different internal and external drivers. The petiole length and vessel conduit size increase, while cuticle thickness decreases, with increasing leaf blade area. Epidermis cell walls are thicker in leaves with higher specific leaf area. Collenchyma becomes absent with increasing temperature, epidermis cell size increases with plant height and temperature, and petiole outline becomes polygonal with increasing precipitation. We conclude that species temperature and precipitation optima, plant height, leaf area and thickness exerted a significant control on petiole anatomical and morphological structures not confounded by phylogenetic inertia. Unrelated species with different evolutionary histories but similar thermal and hydrological requirements have converged to similar petiole anatomical structures. Our findings contribute to improving current knowledge about the functional morphoanatomy of the petiole as the key organ that plays a crucial role in the hydraulic pathways in plants.

Herbivory in the epiphyte, Vriesea sanguinolenta Cogn. & Marchal (Bromeliaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 829-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEROLD SCHMIDT ◽  
GERHARD ZOTZ
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Vascular Epiphytes ◽  
Herbivore Attack ◽  
Tropical Flora ◽  
Herbivore Pressure

Although herbivory in ground-rooted flora is well documented, current knowledge of the herbivore pressure on vascular epiphytes remains mostly anecdotal. Here, we present the results of a 3-year study on the herbivory in a population of the epiphytic bromeliad Vriesea sanguinolenta. In different years, 26–61% of all epiphytes showed traces of herbivore attack, while up to 4.4% of the entire leaf area of the epiphyte population was consumed annually. The recorded levels of damage to photosynthetic tissue, mostly caused by the larvae of Napaea eucharilla (Riodinidae, Lepidoptera), indicate that vascular epiphytes may be regularly and sometimes even lethally attacked by insect herbivores. The level of damage is comparable to ground-rooted tropical flora, which certainly does not support the prevalent notion of low and negligible levels of herbivory in vascular epiphytes.

scholarly journals Rapid determination of leaf area and plant height by using light curtain arrays in four species with contrasting shoot architecture

Plant Methods ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Fanourakis ◽  
Christoph Briese ◽  
Johannes FJ Max ◽  
Silke Kleinen ◽  
Alexander Putz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Shoot Architecture

scholarly journals Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Coefficient Studies in Elephant Foot Yam (Amorphophallus campanulatus Bl.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Paul ◽  
M. A. B. Miah
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Path Coefficient ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Elephant Foot Yam ◽  
Positive Direct

An investigation has been made to characterize the local accessions of Elephant foot yam collected from thirteen aroid growing districts and in-depth study on genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient for plant height, petiole length, petiole breadth, leaf area index, corm length, corm breadth, corm weight, cormel number, cormel length, cormel breadth, cormel weight and yield per plant has also been carried out. Genotypic variances and coefficient of variation for most of the characters were remarkably higher than their corresponding environmental variances, which also indicate the existence of variation in genotypic origin. High heritability with high genetic advance in percentage of mean was also observed for all characters. In the correlation study plant height, leaf area index, corm length, corm breadth, corm weight, cormel number, cormel length, cormel breath showed positive correlation with yield per plant in genotypic and phenotypic level. Leaf area index, cormel number in phenotypically and cormel number in genotypic level showed relatively high positive direct effect on yield per plant.Keywords: Amorphophallus; Genetic variability; Correlation; Path coefficient.© 2013 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i2.13853        J. Sci. Res. 5 (2), 371-381 (2013)

scholarly journals Differential Growth Responses of Wheat Seedlings to Elevated CO2

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Reza ESHGHIZADEH ◽  
Morteza ZAHEDI ◽  
Samaneh MOHAMMADI
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Wheat Seedlings

Intraspecific variations in wheat growth responses to elevated CO2 was evaluated using 20 Iranian bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. The plants were grown in the modified Hoagland nutrient solution at a greenhouse until 35 days of age using two levels of CO2 (~380 and 700 µmol mol–1). The shoot and root dry weights of the wheat cultivars exhibited average enhancements of 17% and 36%, respectively, under elevated CO2. This increase was associated with higher levels of chlorophyll a (25%), chlorophyll b (21%), carotenoid (30%), leaf area (54%) and plant height (49.9%). The leaf area (r = 0.69**), shoot N content (r = 0.62**), plant height (r = 0.60**) and root volume (r = 0.53*) were found to have important roles in dry matter accumulation of tested wheat cultivars under elevated CO2 concentration. However, responses to elevated CO2 were considerably cultivar-dependent. Based on the stress susceptibility index (SSI) and stress tolerance index (STI), the wheat cultivars exhibiting the best response to elevated CO2 content were ‘Sistan’, ‘Navid’, ‘Shiraz’, ‘Sepahan’ and ‘Bahar’, while the ones with poor responses were ‘Omid’, ‘Marun’, ‘Sorkhtokhm’ and ‘Tajan’. The findings from the present experiment showed significant variation among the Iranian wheat cultivars in terms of their responses to elevated air CO2, providing the opportunity to select the most efficient ones for breeding purposes.

scholarly journals Broccoli production depending on the seed production system and organic and mineral fertilizer

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Carlos Lopes ◽  
Janaína Mauri ◽  
Adésio Ferreira ◽  
Rodrigo S Alexandre ◽  
Allan R de Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Production System ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
Fresh And Dry Mass ◽  
Espirito Santo

The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, in Alegre, Espirito Santo state, Brazil, to evaluate the broccoli production depending on the seed production system and organic and mineral fertilization. Seeds of the broccoli cultivar Ramoso Piracicaba were originated from lots of seed obtained in an organic and conventional production system. The experimental design was of randomized blocks, with four replications in a factorial arrangement combination of the lots, 2x5 (organic and mineral fertilized seeds) and substrates [S1 (soil + sand + manure), S2 (soil + sand + manure + NPK), S3 (soil + sand + manure + Fertium® 10 g L-1), S4 (soil + sand + manure + Fertium® 30 g L-1) and S5 (soil + sand + manure + Fertium® 50 g L-1]. The analyzed variables were emergency, fresh and dry mass of aerial part, emergency speed and height of seedlings after 28 days of sowing, and plant diameter, leaf area, number of leaves, fresh and dry mass of aerial part, plant height, root volume, fresh and dry root mass, absolute and relative growth rates and increment to leaf area and plant height after 104 days. The emergency was similar in the different substrates; great vigor occurred on conventional seeds; the mineral fertilization increased the production of fresh mass of aerial part; the use of substrate containing soil, sand soil conditioner Fertium (30 to 50 g L-1) increased the volume, fresh and dry mass of roots and rate of increase in these variables.

scholarly journals Assessment of Growth Characteristics of Medicinal Plants Ocimum tenuiflorum L. and Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Under Shade Net and Open Conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
J. Ambujavalli ◽  
K. Santhiya ◽  
K. Rohini ◽  
V. Kumaresan
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Similar Type ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Ocimum Tenuiflorum ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Plectranthus Amboinicus ◽  
Microclimate Conditions

Aim: To study the effect of shade net on the growth characteristics of two medicinal plants viz., Tulsi and Indian Borage in terms of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and flowering in relation to open condition. Place and Duration of Study: Lawspet, Puducherry, India between June 2018 and October 2018. Methodology: Tulsi and Indian Borage plants were grown in similar type of soil. The potted plants were kept in open, 35% and 75% shade net conditions and studied for 3 months. The plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area were measured including number of inflorescence branches for Tulsi. Results: The average air temperature was lower under shade net. Relative humidity was more in shade net conditions with maximum in 75% shade and least in open conditions. The number of leaves of Tulsi and Indian Borage recorded was maximum when grown under 35% shade and least in open conditions. Plant height was maximum in 75% shade for Tulsi and 35% shade in Indian Borage and least in open conditions on both the cases. Leaf area was maximum for both Tulsi and Indian Borage in 75% shade. Conclusion: Growth of the two medicinal plants was influenced by the microclimate conditions. The present study shows that the medicinal plants can be grown in shade net conditions to increase the yield of medicinally useful parts.

scholarly journals Heterosis dan Heterobeltiosis Hasil Gabah Serta Korelasinya Terhadap Pertumbuhan Padi Hibrida

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-100
Author(s):  
Nurwulan Agustiani ◽  
Sujinah Sujinah ◽  
Bayu P Wibowo ◽  
Satoto Satoto
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Positive Heterosis ◽  
Growth Characters ◽  
Grain Number Per Panicle

Heterosis in F1-hybrids is very closely related to processes during plant growth. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on some growth characters that supported positive heterosis for yield.  The experiment was carried out at KP. Sukamandi on the rainy season in 2016, used a Randomized Block Design with three replications. The material used in this study were four superior hybrid varieties (Hipa 9, Hipa 18, Hipa 19, and Hipa East Java 2) and their parents (maintainer and restorer strains). The results showed that the four materials tested had positive heterosis values ​​with an average value of 4.23-25.03% for the characters of plant height, tiller number, grain number per panicle, weight of 1000 grains, and yield. Heterobeltiosis values ​​ranged from 2.06% to 13.62% for the characters of plant height, tiller number, grain number per panicle, and yield.  Growth characters that were positively correlated to yield increase were plant height, leaf area in the primordia phase, and weight of 1000 grains. The four hybrid materials tested had similar leaf area per clump in the primordia phase, but only Hipa Jatim 2 still had the highest leaf area in the physiological cooking phase. All four hybrids had better leaf thickness characteristics than their parents. F1 average showed increased number of grain per panicle compared to the two parents, especially in Hipa 18 and Hipa 19, which had a higher weight per 1000 grains than the two parents. Keywords: hybrids, rice, heterosis, heterobeltiosis   ABSTRAK Heterosis pada F1-hibrida sangat berkaitan erat dengan proses-proses selama pertumbuhan tanaman. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkaninformasibeberapa karakter pertumbuhan yang mendukung heterosis positif terhadap hasil. Percobaan dilaksanakan di KP. Sukamandi pada musim hujan 2016, menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan tiga ulangan. Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah empat varietas unggul hibrida (Hipa 9, Hipa 18, Hipa 19, dan Hipa Jatim 2) dan tetuanya (galur maintainer dan restorer). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keempat materi yang diuji mempunyai nilai heterosis positif dengan nilai rata-rata 4,23-25,03% pada karakter tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan, jumlah gabah per malai, bobot 1000 butir, dan hasil. Nilai heterobeltiosis berkisar antara 2,06% sampai 13,62% pada karakter tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan, jumlah gabah per malai, dan hasil. Karakter-karakter pertumbuhan yang berkorelasi positif terhadap peningkatan hasil yaitu tinggi tanaman, luas daun pada fase primordia, dan bobot 1000 butir. Keempat materi hibrida yang diuji mempunyai luas daun per rumpun yang setara pada fase primordia, namun hanya Hipa Jatim 2 yang masih mempunyai luas daun tertinggi pada fase masak fisiologis,.  Keempatnya mempunyai karakter ketebalan daun yang lebih baik dibanding tetuanya. Rata-rata F1 menunjukkan perbaikan jumlah gabah per malai dibanding kedua tetuanya, terlebih pada Hipa 18 dan Hipa 19 yang juga mempunyai bobot 1000 butir lebih tinggi dibandingkan kedua tetuanya. Kata kunci: hibrida, pada, heterosis, heterobeltiosis

scholarly journals Growth and gas exchange of corn under salt stress and nitrogen doses

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-181
Author(s):  
Henderson C. Sousa ◽  
Geocleber G. de Sousa ◽  
Carla I. N. Lessa ◽  
Antonio F. da S. Lima ◽  
Rute M. R. Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
Hybrid Maize ◽  
The University

ABSTRACT The excess of salts can affect several processes in the crops, and nitrogen (N) can attenuate the depressive effect of salinity. The objective was to evaluate the influence of nitrogen doses on the growth and gas exchange of corn crop irrigated with saline water. The experiment was conducted from June to September 2019 at the University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção, CE, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme (supply water of 0.3 dS m-1 and saline solution of 3.0 dS m-1) and three nitrogen doses, 0, 80, and 160 kg ha-1, corresponding to 0, 50, and 100% of the recommended dose respectively, with six repetitions. At 30 and 45 days after sowing (DAS), plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance were evaluated. Saline stress affects plant height, leaf area, photosynthesis, transpiration, and conductance at 30 DAS. The doses of 80 and 160 kg ha-1 provide greater performance in plant height, leaf area, photosynthesis, transpiration, and conductance at 30 DAS. The use of low salinity water and doses of 80 and 160 kg ha-1 were more efficient in terms of plant height, leaf area, photosynthesis, transpiration, and conductance at 45 DAS. The dose of 160 kg ha-1 of N attenuates the harmful effects of salts in AG 1051 hybrid maize plants, providing higher values of photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance at 45 DAS when irrigated with water of 3.0 dS m-1.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR PAITAN (Tithonia diversifolia) PADA BERBAGAI DOSIS DAN RAGAM APLIKASINYA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN KAILAN (Brassica oleracea Var. Acephala)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
AHMAD TAOFIK ◽  
SOFIYA HASANI ◽  
AYU CAHYANINGTYAS ◽  
BUDY FRASETYA
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Two Factors

The paitan plant contains allelopathic compounds for other plants so that the utilize of paitan plant as a source of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) has not been widely applied. This research aimed to study the interaction between LOF dosage and appropriate application method of LOF to increase the growth of kailan plants. The research conducted at experimental garden of UIN Bandung from June-August 2016. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with two factors and replicated four times. The first factor was application methods (A), i.e. a1=direct application to the soil, and a2= spraying. The second factor was LOF dosage (T), i.e. t0: 0 ml plant-1, t1: 20 ml plant-1, t2: 40 ml plant-1, t3: 60 ml plant-1, t4: 80 ml plant-1. The growth parameters observed i.e. plant height (14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 Day after Transplanting (DAT)), leaf area 42 DAT, plant dry weight 42 DAT, and plant fresh weight 42 DAT. The data then analyzed with analysis of variance at a significant level of 5%. If the analysis of variance was significant, the Duncan multiple range test was used at α=5%. The research results showed there was no interaction between method of application with a various dosage of paitan LOF to all of the growth parameters. The application paitan LOF showed similar growth in terms of plant height, leaf area, plant dry, and plant fresh weight. The application method of paitan LOF direct to the soil or spraying to leaves can not increase kailan plant growth.

scholarly journals Optimasi Dosis Pupuk Kandang Ayam dan NPK pada Budidaya Kubis Bunga (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Irpan Gunawan ◽  
Atak Tauhid ◽  
Isna Tustiyani
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Npk Fertilizer

<p><em>Cauliflower is one of the vegetables for consumers. The demand for cauliflower was rising so it must be scaled up with fertilizer. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of chicken manure and NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield of cauliflower. The study was conducted in Sukasenang Village, Banyuresmi Sub-district, Garut Regency from July to August 2019. The study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) in two factors each of the 3 rates with 2 replications. The first factor was the rates of chicken manure which consisted of 0, 10 and 20 tons ha<sup>-1</sup>; the second factor was NPK fertilizer which consists of 0, 100 and 200 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>. The parameter of this research was plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, weight and diameter crud. The results showed that there was no interaction between the chicken manure and NPK fertilizer. The treatment of 20 tons ha<sup>-1</sup> chicken manure affected the variable plant height, the number of leaves and leaf area. The rates of 200 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> NPK fertilizer had affected plant height, number of leaves, weight and diameter crud.</em></p>

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