Growth and gas exchange of corn under salt stress and nitrogen doses

ABSTRACT The excess of salts can affect several processes in the crops, and nitrogen (N) can attenuate the depressive effect of salinity. The objective was to evaluate the influence of nitrogen doses on the growth and gas exchange of corn crop irrigated with saline water. The experiment was conducted from June to September 2019 at the University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção, CE, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme (supply water of 0.3 dS m-1 and saline solution of 3.0 dS m-1) and three nitrogen doses, 0, 80, and 160 kg ha-1, corresponding to 0, 50, and 100% of the recommended dose respectively, with six repetitions. At 30 and 45 days after sowing (DAS), plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance were evaluated. Saline stress affects plant height, leaf area, photosynthesis, transpiration, and conductance at 30 DAS. The doses of 80 and 160 kg ha-1 provide greater performance in plant height, leaf area, photosynthesis, transpiration, and conductance at 30 DAS. The use of low salinity water and doses of 80 and 160 kg ha-1 were more efficient in terms of plant height, leaf area, photosynthesis, transpiration, and conductance at 45 DAS. The dose of 160 kg ha-1 of N attenuates the harmful effects of salts in AG 1051 hybrid maize plants, providing higher values of photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance at 45 DAS when irrigated with water of 3.0 dS m-1.

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Effect of saline water and shading on dragon fruit (‘pitaya’) seedling growth

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n8p547-552 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (8) ◽

pp. 547-552

Author(s):

Geocleber G. de Sousa ◽

Sinara B. Sousa ◽

Ana C. da S. Pereira ◽

Virna B. Marques ◽

Maria L. G. da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Root Length ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Saline Water ◽

Semiarid Region ◽

Saline Stress ◽

Higher Plant ◽

Low Salinity ◽

Dry Biomass ◽

Salinity Water

ABSTRACT ‘Pitaya’ (Hylocereus undatus) is a fruit-bearing, climbing cactus with great food potential for the semiarid region. This study aimed to evaluate the production of ‘pitaya’ seedlings irrigated with low and high salinity water and grown in different light intensities. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with two electrical conductivities of irrigation water: S1 - 0.3 dS m-1 (low salinity) and S2 - 5.0 dS m-1 (moderate salinity) in two environments: A1 - black net with 50% shading, and A2 - full sun, with ten replicates. The variables evaluated were plant height, main cladode diameter, above-ground biomass, root biomass, total plant biomass, number of secondary cladodes, root length, and length of secondary cladodes. The 50% shading (black net) promoted higher plant height, number of secondary shoots, and root length of the ‘pitaya’ plants. The irrigation with moderate saline water (5.0 dS m-1) reduced the number of secondary cladodes, length of root, and length of secondary cladodes. The ‘pitaya’ seedlings grown under 50% shading (black net) showed greater root dry biomass when irrigated with low-salinity water. Greater values of diameter of the primary cladode, above-ground dry biomass, and total dry biomass were observed under full sunlight and elevated saline stress.

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Heterogeneous salinity in the root system of bell pepper in greenhouse

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n8p519-524 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (8) ◽

pp. 519-524

Author(s):

Francisco de A. de Oliveira ◽

Rita de C. Alves ◽

Francisco M. S. Bezerra ◽

Luan A. Lima ◽

Ana S. de Medeiros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Nutrient Solution ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Saline Water ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Saline Stress ◽

Low Salinity ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Salinity Water

ABSTRACT The split-root technique was used as a strategy to reduce saline stress on pepper. A completely randomized design with six treatments and four replicates was used. The treatments consisted of six saline water application strategies (T1 - salinized nutrient solution (S1 = 1.4 dS m-1) during the whole cycle; T2 - salinized nutrient solution (S2 = 4.5 dS m-1) throughout the cycle, T3 - S1 and S2 throughout the cycle, using two emitters and without splitting the root system, T4 - S1 and S2, using two emitters and splitting the root system by a plastic film, T5 - S1 and S2, using two emitters and splitting the root system, alternating the solutions every 15 days, T6 - S1 and S2, using two emitters and without splitting the root system, alternating the solutions every 15 days). Five fruit harvests were performed, and the plants were harvested at 85 days after initiation of treatments and evaluated for the following variables: leaf number, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry matter (stem + leaves + fruits), root dry matter, number of fruits, fresh fruit weight and fruit production per plant. Most of the variables were reduced by the salinity of irrigation water. The highest fruit yields were obtained using low-salinity water, with the mixture of non-saline and saline waters, and alternating biweekly when the root system was split, demonstrating the viability of these three techniques.

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Influence of Irrigation Regime on Water Relations, Gas Exchange, and Growth of Two Field-grown Redbud Varieties in a Semiarid Climate

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898.32.1.8 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 8-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lindsey Fox ◽

Amber Bates ◽

Thayne Montague

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Potential ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Shoot Elongation ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Irrigation Regime ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Area Increase ◽

Irrigation Volume

For three growing seasons (2003–2005) two newly planted, field-grown redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) varieties were subjected to three reference evapotranspiration (ETo)-based irrigation regimes (100, 66, and 33% ETo). Over this time period, water relations (pre-dawn leaf water potential), gas exchange (mid-day stomatal conductance), and growth data (trunk cross sectional area increase, tree leaf area, and shoot elongation) were measured. Pre-dawn leaf water potential (ψl) was more negative for trees receiving the least amount of irrigation, and for Mexican redbud [C. canadensis var. mexicana (Rose) M. Hopkins] trees. However, mid-day stomatal conductance (gs) was similar for Texas redbud (C. canadensis var. texensis S. Watson) trees across the three irrigation regimes, and was highest for Mexican redbud trees receiving the greatest amount of irrigation volume. Growth varied by variety and irrigation regime. Trunk cross sectional area increase was greatest for Mexican redbud trees, leaf area was highest for trees receiving the greatest amount of irrigation, and shoot elongation was greatest for trees receiving the 66% ETo irrigation regime. However, despite differing irrigation volumes, greatest gas exchange and growth was not necessarily associated with greatest irrigation volume. When considering conservation of precious water resources, these redbud varieties maintain adequate growth and appearance under reduced irrigation.

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Physiological responses of beet plants irrigated with saline water and silicon application

Comunicata Scientiae ◽

10.14295/cs.v11i0.3113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. E3113

Author(s):

José Sebastião de Melo Filho ◽

Toshik Iarley da Silva ◽

Anderson Carlos de Melo Gonçalves ◽

Leonardo Vieira de Sousa ◽

Mario Leno Martins Véras ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Carbon Concentration ◽

Saline Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Essential Element ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Randomized Block Design

Although not considered an essential element, silicon can be used to increase crop productivity, especially under stress conditions. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the gas exchange of beet plants irrigated with saline water depending on the application of silicon. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a 5 x 5 factorial, referring to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw): (0.5; 1.3; 3.25; 5.2 and 6.0 dS m-1) and five doses of silicon (0.00; 2.64; 9.08; 15.52 and 18.16 mL L-1), with six beet plants as an experimental unit. The effect of treatments on beet culture was evaluated at 30 and 60 days after irrigation with saline water from measurements of internal carbon concentration, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis rate, instantaneous water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency using the LCpro+Sistem infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). Irrigation with saline water reduced the gas exchange of beet plants at 60 days after irrigation, but at 30 days after irrigation, the use of saline water increased stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and internal carbon concentration. The application of silicon decreased stomatal conductance, internal carbon concentration and efficiency in the use of water, but increased the rate of net photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration and instantaneous efficiency of carboxylation at 30 and 60 days after irrigation.

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The Response of Fordhook Giant / Swisschard (Beta vulgaris var Cicla) and Mustard (Brassica Juncea) Spinach Vegetables to Irrigation with Saline Water

Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research ◽

10.9734/ajaar/2020/v14i330133 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 20-26

Author(s):

M. V. Dlamini ◽

M. T. Masarirambi

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Saline Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Water Source ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

The University

Saline irrigation water is becoming an important water source as fresh water is fast becoming a scarce resource in many areas of the world, including Eswatini, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. A study to test the response of two varieties of spinach (fordhook giant and mustard) to salinity was conducted in a field pot experiment at the Faculty of Agriculture at the Luyengo Campus of the University of Eswatini. The treatments were laid in a randomized block design (RCBD). The experiment consisted of four treatments, each replicated twelve times. Treatments were salinity levels of 0.0 dS/m, 1.5 dS/m, 2.0 dS/m and 3.5 dS/m. All the treatments were subjected to similar agronomic practices. Spinach was grown and observed for a period of five weeks. Plant height was measured and the number of leaves counted weekly throughout the experiment. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between salinity treatments were obtained for plant height beginning in week 2 but were more pronounced in week 3, 4 and week 5. No significant differences were obtained for the number of leaves. There were however, clear significant differences between spinach irrigated with none saline irrigation water compared to saline irrigation water. It was concluded that irrigating spinach with saline water of more than 2.0 dS/m drastically reduce plant growth but not the number of leaves under the conditions of the experiment.

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Localized Basal Freezing Within George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0022143000009084 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 34 (116) ◽

pp. 71-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Pedley ◽

J.G. Paren ◽

J.R. Potter

Keyword(s):

Freezing Point ◽

Saline Water ◽

Thick Layer ◽

Ice Shelf ◽

Low Salinity ◽

Ice Surface ◽

Salinity Water ◽

Basal Melting ◽

Surface Ice

AbstractHobbs Pool is an area of thin ice shelf situated within George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Thicker ice shelf surrounding Hobbs Pool isolates the upper 155 m of the water column from water lying at the same depth else-where under the ice shelf. Summer melt-water lakes drain through crevasses at Hobbs Pool forming a 155 m thick layer of low-salinity water close to its freezing point. Colder and more saline water in the lower part of this layer leads toin-situfreezing of fresher water lying above it. Below 155 m depth, the water temperature and salinity are linearly related by basal melting which is observed elsewhere under the ice shelf. The surface ice shows areas of deformation and deposits of subglacial rock debris which may result from upward particle paths in the area. The raising of subglacial rock debris on to the ice surface may provide a mechanism for the transport of erratics across the ice shelf to Alexander Island from the base of Palmer Land glaciers.

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Enhanced Wettability Modification and CO2 Solubility Effect by Carbonated Low Salinity Water Injection in Carbonate Reservoirs

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2017/8142032 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ji Ho Lee ◽

Kun Sang Lee

Keyword(s):

Oil Recovery ◽

Saline Water ◽

Water Injection ◽

Carbonate Reservoirs ◽

Viscosity Reduction ◽

Low Salinity ◽

Low Salinity Water ◽

Geochemical Reactions ◽

Salinity Water ◽

Low Salinity Water Injection

Carbonated water injection (CWI) induces oil swelling and viscosity reduction. Another advantage of this technique is that CO2 can be stored via solubility trapping. The CO2 solubility of brine is a key factor that determines the extent of these effects. The solubility is sensitive to pressure, temperature, and salinity. The salting-out phenomenon makes low saline brine a favorable condition for solubilizing CO2 into brine, thus enabling the brine to deliver more CO2 into reservoirs. In addition, low saline water injection (LSWI) can modify wettability and enhance oil recovery in carbonate reservoirs. The high CO2 solubility potential and wettability modification effect motivate the deployment of hybrid carbonated low salinity water injection (CLSWI). Reliable evaluation should consider geochemical reactions, which determine CO2 solubility and wettability modification, in brine/oil/rock systems. In this study, CLSWI was modeled with geochemical reactions, and oil production and CO2 storage were evaluated. In core and pilot systems, CLSWI increased oil recovery by up to 9% and 15%, respectively, and CO2 storage until oil recovery by up to 24% and 45%, respectively, compared to CWI. The CLSWI also improved injectivity by up to 31% in a pilot system. This study demonstrates that CLSWI is a promising water-based hybrid EOR (enhanced oil recovery).

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SALICYLIC ACID AS AN ATTENUATOR OF SALT STRESS IN SOURSOP

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252020v33n424rc ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 1092-1101

Author(s):

ANDRÉ ALISSON RODRIGUES DA SILVA ◽

GEOVANI SOARES DE LIMA ◽

CARLOS ALBERTO VIEIRA DE AZEVEDO ◽

LUANA LUCAS DE SÁ ALMEIDA VELOSO ◽

HANS RAJ GHEYI

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Saline Water ◽

Stress Effects ◽

Saline Waters ◽

Induced Tolerance

ABSTRACT The search for alternatives that enable the use of saline waters in agriculture has become constant. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effects of salicylic acid in mitigating salt stress effects on the growth and gas exchange of soursop cv. ‘Morada Nova’. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, in the municipality of Campina Grande - PB, Brazil. Treatments were distributed in randomized blocks, in a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement, corresponding to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (0.8; 1.6; 2.4; 3.2 and 4.0 dS m-1) and four concentrations of salicylic acid - SA (0; 1.2; 2.4 and 3.6 mM), with three replicates. Irrigation with saline water compromised the growth and gas exchange of soursop cv. ‘Morada Nova’. However, exogenous application of salicylic acid induced tolerance to salt stress in soursop plants, as their growth, transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency were favored by the application of salicylic acid, even when exposed to water salinity.

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MORFOFISIOLOGIA DE GENÓTIPOS DE GERGELIM SUBMETIDOS A DIFERENTES ESTRATÉGIAS DE USO DE ÁGUA SALINA

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2021v1n1p42-55 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 42-55

Author(s):

André Alisson Rodrigues da Silva ◽

Cassiano Nogueira de Lacerda ◽

Geovani Soares de Lima ◽

Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares ◽

Hans Raj Gheyi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Salinity ◽

Saline Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Co2 Assimilation ◽

Sesamum Indicum ◽

Saline Stress ◽

High Salinity Water ◽

Flowering Phase ◽

Salinity Water ◽

Sesame Genotypes

MORFOFISIOLOGIA DE GENÓTIPOS DE GERGELIM SUBMETIDOS A DIFERENTES ESTRATÉGIAS DE USO DE ÁGUA SALINA ANDRÉ ALISSON RODRIGUES DA SILVA1; CASSIANO NOGUEIRA DE LACERDA1; GEOVANI SOARES DE LIMA1; LAURIANE ALMEIDA DOS ANJOS SOARES1; HANS RAJ GHEYI1 E PEDRO DANTAS FERNANDES1 1 Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, UFCG, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]. 1 RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as trocas gasosas e o acúmulo de fitomassas de genótipos de gergelim sob estratégias de uso de águas salinas. A pesquisa foi conduzida em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 6 x 2, sendo seis estratégias de uso de águas salinas aplicadas nas diferentes fases fenológicas das plantas (SE-irrigação com água de baixa salinidade durante todo ciclo de cultivo; VE - irrigação com água de alta salinidade na fase vegetativa; FL - na fase de floração; FR na fase de frutificação; VE/FL - nas fases vegetativa/floração; VE/FR - nas fases vegetativa/frutificação) e dois genótipos de gergelim (BRS Seda e BRS Anahí), com quatro repetições. Foram aplicadas água com alta salinidade (2,7 dS m-1), em alternância com água com baixa concentração de sais (0,3 dS m-1), em fases diferentes do ciclo. A irrigação com água de 2,7 dS m-1 durante a fase de floração, e nas fases vegetativa/floração, não comprometeu a condutância estomática, transpiração e taxa de assimilação de CO2 dos genótipos de gergelim. A salinidade da água de 2,7 dS m-1 quando aplicada nas fases vegetativa/floração prejudicou o acúmulo de fitomassa pelas plantas de gergelim. Palavras-chave: estresse salino, Sesamum indicum L., qualidade de água. SILVA, A, A, R. da; LACERDA, C. N. de; LIMA, G. S. de; SOARES, L. A. dos A.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNANDES, P.D. MORPHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SESAME GENOTYPES SUBMITTED TO DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR THE USE OF SALINE WATER 2 ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate gas exchange and phytomass accumulation of sesame genotypes under different strategies for the use of saline water. The research was conducted in a greenhouse, in a randomized block design in a 6 x 2 factorial arrangement, with six strategies for the use of saline water applied in the different phenological phases of the plants (SE - irrigation with low salinity water throughout the cultivation cycle; VE - irrigation with high salinity water in the vegetative phase; FL - in the flowering phase; FR - in the fruiting phase; VE/FL - in the vegetative/flowering phase; VE/FR - in the phases vegetative/fruiting) and two sesame genotypes (BRS Seda and BRS Anahí), with four replicates. Water with high salinity (2.7 dS m-1) was used, alternating with water with low salt concentration (0.3 dS m-1), at different stages of the crop cycle. Irrigation with water of 2.7 dS m-1 during the flowering phase, and in the vegetative/flowering phases, did not compromise the stomatal conductance, transpiration and CO2 assimilation rate of sesame genotypes. The water salinity of 2.7 dS m-1 applied in the vegetative/flowering phases impaired the accumulation of phytomass by sesame plants. Keywords: saline stress, Sesamum indicum L., water quality.

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IRRIGAÇÃO COM ÁGUA SALINA E USO DE SUBSTRATOS NA CULTURA DO FEIJÃO-CAUPI

Nativa ◽

10.31413/nativa.v9i1.9820 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 86-91

Author(s):

Bruno Eduardo Lopes Sousa ◽

Geocleber Gomes de Sousa ◽

Andreza de Melo Mendonça ◽

Max Ferreira dos Santos ◽

Francisco Barroso da Silva Junior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Vigna Unguiculata ◽

Saline Water ◽

Saline Stress ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

High Salinity Water ◽

Salinity Water ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Bean Crop

Objetivou-se avaliar a interação entre diferentes níveis salinos e substratos sob o crescimento inicial, o acúmulo de biomassa e as trocas gasosas da cultura do feijão-caupi. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (5 x 2), com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por substratos inseridos ao solo (T1- biocarvão + solo na proporção 1:1; T2- solo (testemunha); T3- adubação mineral; T4- casca de arroz carbonizada + carnaúba + solo na proporção 2:1:1 e S5- casca de arroz carbonizada + solo na proporção 1:1), e duas águas de irrigação (1,0 e 4,0 dS m-1). Aos 40 dias após a semeadura (DAS) foram avaliados: número de folhas (NF), altura de planta (AP), diâmetro do caule (DC), área foliar (AF), massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e total (MST), fotossíntese (A), transpiração (E) e condutância estomática (gs). A água de alta salinidade afetou negativamente a AP, DC, MSPA e a gs das plantas. Os tratamentos T4 e T5 promoveram maior NF e A quando combinado com água não salina. Os tratamentos T4 e T5 proporcionaram maiores valores de gs e E. Palavras-chave: Vigna unguiculata L. Walp; salinidade; adubação. Influence of saline stress and fertilizers on caupi bean crop ABSTRACT: The objective was to evaluate the effects of salt stress on the initial growth, on the accumulation of biomass and on the gas exchange of the cowpea culture submitted to different substrates. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará. The design used was completely randomized in a factorial scheme (5 x 2), with four replications. The treatments consisted of substrates inserted in the soil (T1- biochar + soil in the proportion 1: 1; T2- soil (control); T3- mineral fertilization; T4- carbonized rice husk + carnauba + soil in the proportion 2: 1: 1 and S5- carbonized rice husk + soil in a 1: 1 ratio), and two irrigation waters (1.0 and 4.0 dS m-1). At 40 days after sowing (DAS), the following were evaluated: number of leaves (NF), plant height (AP), stem diameter (DC), leaf area (AF), shoot dry matter (MSPA) and total (MST), photosynthesis (A), transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (gs). High salinity water negatively affected AP, DC, MSPA and plant gas. The treatments T4 and T5 promoted greater NF and A when combined with non-saline water. The treatments T4 and T5 provided higher values of gs and E. Keywords: Vigna unguiculata L. Walp; salinity; fertilization.

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