scholarly journals Inter-Subject Correlation during New Music Listening: A Study of Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses to Steve Reich’s Piano Phase

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tysen Dauer ◽  
Duc T. Nguyen ◽  
Nick Gang ◽  
Jacek P. Dmochowski ◽  
Jonathan Berger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Popular Music ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
New Music ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Limit Case ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Expectation Formation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Local Levels ◽  
Piano Phase

AbstractMusical minimalism utilizes the temporal manipulation of restricted collections of rhythmic, melodic, and/or harmonic materials. One example, Steve Reich’s Piano Phase, offers listeners readily audible formal structures containing unpredictable events at local levels. Pattern recurrences may generate strong expectations which are violated by small temporal and pitch deviations. A hyper-detailed listening strategy prompted by these minute deviations stands in contrast to the type of listening engagement typically cultivated around functional tonal Western music. Recent research has suggested that the inter-subject correlation (ISC) of electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to natural audio-visual stimuli objectively indexes a state of “engagement”, demonstrating the potential of this approach for analyzing music listening. But can ISCs capture engagement with minimal music, which features less obvious expectation formation and has historically received a wide range of reactions? To approach this question, we collected EEG and continuous behavioral (CB) data while 30 adults listened to an excerpt from Steve Reich’s Piano Phase, as well as three controlled manipulations and a popular-music remix of the work. Our analyses reveal that EEG and CB ISC are highest for the remix stimulus and lowest for our most repetitive manipulation. In addition, we found no statistical differences in overall EEG ISC between our most musically meaningful manipulations and Reich’s original piece. We also found that aesthetic evaluations corresponded well with overall EEG ISC. Finally we highlight co-occurrences between stimulus events and time-resolved EEG and CB ISC. We offer the CB paradigm as a useful analysis measure and note the value of minimalist compositions as a limit case for studying music listening using EEG ISC. We show that ISC is less effective at measuring engagement with this minimalist stimulus than with popular music genres and argue that this may be due to a difference between the type of engagement measured by ISC and the particular engagement patterns associated with minimalism.

scholarly journals Inter-subject Correlation While Listening to Minimalist Music: A Study of Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses to Steve Reich's Piano Phase

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tysen Dauer ◽  
Duc T. Nguyen ◽  
Nick Gang ◽  
Jacek P. Dmochowski ◽  
Jonathan Berger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Limit Case ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Expectation Formation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Piano Phase

Musical minimalism utilizes the temporal manipulation of restricted collections of rhythmic, melodic, and/or harmonic materials. One example, Steve Reich's Piano Phase, offers listeners readily audible formal structure with unpredictable events at the local level. For example, pattern recurrences may generate strong expectations which are violated by small temporal and pitch deviations. A hyper-detailed listening strategy prompted by these minute deviations stands in contrast to the type of listening engagement typically cultivated around functional tonal Western music. Recent research has suggested that the inter-subject correlation (ISC) of electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to natural audio-visual stimuli objectively indexes a state of “engagement,” demonstrating the potential of this approach for analyzing music listening. But can ISCs capture engagement with minimalist music, which features less obvious expectation formation and has historically received a wide range of reactions? To approach this question, we collected EEG and continuous behavioral (CB) data while 30 adults listened to an excerpt from Steve Reich's Piano Phase, as well as three controlled manipulations and a popular-music remix of the work. Our analyses reveal that EEG and CB ISC are highest for the remix stimulus and lowest for our most repetitive manipulation, no statistical differences in overall EEG ISC between our most musically meaningful manipulations and Reich's original piece, and evidence that compositional features drove engagement in time-resolved ISC analyses. We also found that aesthetic evaluations corresponded well with overall EEG ISC. Finally we highlight co-occurrences between stimulus events and time-resolved EEG and CB ISC. We offer the CB paradigm as a useful analysis measure and note the value of minimalist compositions as a limit case for the neuroscientific study of music listening. Overall, our participants' neural, continuous behavioral, and question responses showed strong similarities that may help refine our understanding of the type of engagement indexed by ISC for musical stimuli.

scholarly journals An Analytical Framework of Tonal and Rhythmic Hierarchy in Natural Music Using the Multivariate Temporal Response Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine Leahy ◽  
Seung-Goo Kim ◽  
Jie Wan ◽  
Tobias Overath
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Temporal Response ◽  
Neural Encoding ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Complex Stimuli ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Music Information

Even without formal training, humans experience a wide range of emotions in response to changes in musical features, such as tonality and rhythm, during music listening. While many studies have investigated how isolated elements of tonal and rhythmic properties are processed in the human brain, it remains unclear whether these findings with such controlled stimuli are generalizable to complex stimuli in the real world. In the current study, we present an analytical framework of a linearized encoding analysis based on a set of music information retrieval features to investigate the rapid cortical encoding of tonal and rhythmic hierarchies in natural music. We applied this framework to a public domain EEG dataset (OpenMIIR) to deconvolve overlapping EEG responses to various musical features in continuous music. In particular, the proposed framework investigated the EEG encoding of the following features: tonal stability, key clarity, beat, and meter. This analysis revealed a differential spatiotemporal neural encoding of beat and meter, but not of tonal stability and key clarity. The results demonstrate that this framework can uncover associations of ongoing brain activity with relevant musical features, which could be further extended to other relevant measures such as time-resolved emotional responses in future studies.

Reduction of carbon impurities in aluminium nitride from time-resolved chemical vapour deposition using trimethylaluminum

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polla Rouf ◽  
Pitsiri Sukkaew ◽  
Lars Ojamäe ◽  
Henrik Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Vapour Deposition ◽  
Vapour Deposition ◽  
Chemical Vapour ◽  
Aluminium Nitride ◽  
Methyl Groups ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Carbon Impurities ◽  
Wide Range

<p>Aluminium nitride (AlN) is a semiconductor with a wide range of applications from light emitting diodes to high frequency transistors. Electronic grade AlN is routinely deposited at 1000 °C by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) using trimethylaluminium (TMA) and NH<sub>3</sub> while low temperature CVD routes to high quality AlN are scarce and suffer from high levels of carbon impurities in the film. We report on an ALD-like CVD approach with time-resolved precursor supply where thermally induced desorption of methyl groups from the AlN surface is enhanced by the addition of an extra pulse, H<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub> or Ar between the TMA and NH<sub>3</sub> pulses. The enhanced desorption allowed deposition of AlN films with carbon content of 1 at. % at 480 °C. Kinetic- and quantum chemical modelling suggest that the extra pulse between TMA and NH<sub>3</sub> prevents re-adsorption of desorbing methyl groups terminating the AlN surface after the TMA pulse. </p>

Vamping the Stage

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Popular Music ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Women Performers ◽  
New Music ◽  
Women's Voices ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Musical Practices ◽  
The Many ◽  
Late Modern

Vamping the Stage is the first book-length historical and comparative examination of women, modernity, and popular music in Asia. This book documents the many ways that women performers have supported, challenged, and undermined representations of existing gendered norms in the entertainment industries of China, Japan, India, Indonesia, Iran, Korea, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The case studies in this volume address colonial, post-colonial, as well as late modern conditions of culture as they relate to women’s musical practices and their changing social and cultural identities throughout Asia. Female entertainers were artistic pioneers of new music, new cinema, new forms of dance and theater, and new behavior and morals. Their voices, mediated through new technologies of film, radio, and the phonograph, changed the soundscape of global popular music and resonate today in all spheres of modern life. These female performers were not merely symbols of times that were rapidly changing. They were active agents in the creation of local performance cultures and the rise of a region-wide and globally oriented entertainment industry. Placing women’s voices in social and historical contexts, the authors critically analyze salient discourses, representations, meanings, and politics of “voice” in Asian popular music of the 20th century to the present day.

scholarly journals Time-Resolved Measurements and Master Equation Modelling of the Unimolecular Decomposition of CH3OCH2

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (7-9) ◽  
pp. 1233-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arrke J. Eskola ◽  
Mark A. Blitz ◽  
Michael J. Pilling ◽  
Paul W. Seakins ◽  
Robin J. Shannon
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Master Equation ◽  
Rate Coefficient ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Buffer Gas ◽  
Unimolecular Decomposition ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Point Energy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Transfer Parameters

AbstractThe rate coefficient for the unimolecular decomposition of CH3OCH2, k1, has been measured in time-resolved experiments by monitoring the HCHO product. CH3OCH2 was rapidly and cleanly generated by 248 nm excimer photolysis of oxalyl chloride, (ClCO)2, in an excess of CH3OCH3, and an excimer pumped dye laser tuned to 353.16 nm was used to probe HCHO via laser induced fluorescence. k1(T,p) was measured over the ranges: 573–673 K and 0.1–4.3 × 1018 molecule cm−3 with a helium bath gas. In addition, some experiments were carried out with nitrogen as the bath gas. Ab initio calculations on CH3OCH2 decomposition were carried out and a transition-state for decomposition to CH3 and H2CO was identified. This information was used in a master equation rate calculation, using the MESMER code, where the zero-point-energy corrected barrier to reaction, ΔE0,1, and the energy transfer parameters, ⟨ΔEdown⟩ × Tn, were the adjusted parameters to best fit the experimental data, with helium as the buffer gas. The data were combined with earlier measurements by Loucks and Laidler (Can J. Chem.1967, 45, 2767), with dimethyl ether as the third body, reinterpreted using current literature for the rate coefficient for recombination of CH3OCH2. This analysis returned ΔE0,1 = (112.3 ± 0.6) kJ mol−1, and leads to $k_{1}^{\infty}(T)=2.9\times{10^{12}}$ (T/300)2.5 exp(−106.8 kJ mol−1/RT). Using this model, limited experiments with nitrogen as the bath gas allowed N2 energy transfer parameters to be identified and then further MESMER simulations were carried out, where N2 was the buffer gas, to generate k1(T,p) over a wide range of conditions: 300–1000 K and N2 = 1012–1025 molecule cm−3. The resulting k1(T,p) has been parameterized using a Troe-expression, so that they can be readily be incorporated into combustion models. In addition, k1(T,p) has been parametrized using PLOG for the buffer gases, He, CH3OCH3 and N2.

Detector commissioning and development for PETRA-III

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (SRMS-7) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pennicard ◽  
Heinz Graafsma ◽  
Michael Lohmann
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Silicon Detectors ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Synchrotron Light

The new synchrotron light source PETRA-III produced its first beam last year. The extremely high brilliance of PETRA-III and the large energy range of many of its beamlines make it useful for a wide range of experiments, particularly in materials science. The detectors at PETRA-III will need to meet several requirements, such as operation across a wide dynamic range, high-speed readout and good quantum efficiency even at high photon energies. PETRA-III beamlines with lower photon energies will typically be equipped with photon-counting silicon detectors for two-dimensional detection and silicon drift detectors for spectroscopy and higher-energy beamlines will use scintillators coupled to cameras or photomultiplier tubes. Longer-term developments include ‘high-Z’ semiconductors for detecting high-energy X-rays, photon-counting readout chips with smaller pixels and higher frame rates and pixellated avalanche photodiodes for time-resolved experiments.

“All bets are off”: Flexible engagement with music-listening technologies by autistic adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 030573562097103
Author(s):  
Michael Matsuno ◽  
Deon Auzenne ◽  
Leanne Chukoskie
Keyword(s):  
Video Game ◽  
New Music ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Personal Taste ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Game Development ◽  
Video Game Development ◽  
Autistic Adults

This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews to explore daily experiences with music among a convenience sample of 12 autistic adults interning at a video game development lab. Our analysis indicates that music technologies enabled autistic individuals to explore new music and to engage reflexively with personal taste and self-curation. We also show that participants used music to accompany a range of cognitive and emotional tasks. These findings are consistent with broader sociological literature on music-listening habits of typically developing adults and indicate that autistic adults use music to meet their personal needs. Our cohort also described expressly creative and proactive engagement with music, suggesting that habits with music may differ among unique sub-populations of autistic individuals.

Chinese toms in the making of the drum kit: Localization and exoticism

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
New Music ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Future ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The late nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth century saw the drum kit emerge as an assemblage of musical instruments that was central to much new music of the time and especially to the rise of jazz. This article is a study of Chinese drums in the making of the drum kit. The notions of localization and exoticism are applied as conceptual tools for interpreting the place of Chinese drums in the early drum kit. Why were distinctly Chinese drums used in the early drum kit? How did the Chinese drums shape the future of the drum kit? The drum kit has been at the heart of most popular music throughout the twentieth century to the present day, and, as such, this article will be beneficial to educators, practitioners and scholars of popular music education.

‘ROCK SPECTRALE’: THE CULTURAL IDENTITY OF THE ELECTRIC GUITAR IN TRISTAN MURAIL'S vampyr!

Tempo ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (274) ◽  
pp. 22-32
Author(s):  
Ben Jameson
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
New Music ◽  
Electric Guitar ◽  
Concert Music ◽  
Analytical Approaches

AbstractThe electric guitar is one of the most iconic musical instruments of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries and, due to its ubiquitous use in much rock and popular music, it has developed a strong cultural identity. In recent years, as the electric guitar has become increasingly common in contemporary concert music, its cultural associations have inevitably shaped how composers, performers and listeners understand music performed on the instrument. This article investigates various issues relating to the electric guitar's cultural identity in the context of Tristan Murail's Vampyr! (1984), in the hope of demonstrating perspectives that will be useful in considering new music for the electric guitar more generally. The article draws both on established analytical approaches to Murail's spectral oeuvre and on concepts from popular music and cultural studies, in order to analyse the influence that the electric guitar's associations from popular culture have in new music.

scholarly journals Shifting Listening Niches: Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Rose Hurwitz ◽  
Carol Lynne Krumhansl
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Significant Others ◽  
New Music ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
New Normal ◽  
Listening Habits ◽  
Memory Associations

The term “listening niche” refers to the contexts in which people listen to music including what music they are listening to, with whom, when, where, and with what media. The first experiment investigates undergraduate students’ music listening niches in the initial COVID-19 lockdown period, 4 weeks immediately after the campus shut down abruptly. The second experiment explores how returning to a hybrid semester, the “new normal,” further affected these listening habits. In both experiments, the participants provided a list of their most frequently listened-to songs during the respective period of time. From these, they identified one song that seemed most associated with this period, their “signature song,” and stated why this song seemed relevant. These reasons were coded on nine underlying themes. Three clusters were found to underlie the themes: (1) emotional responses (2) memory associations, and (3) discovery of new music. We identified songs and reasons for selecting them that represented the three clusters and related these to the lyrical content. Compared to before the pandemic, participants in both experiments report listening more in general and on Spotify, but there were no differences in listening between lockdown and the new normal. Whom they were listening with shifted overtime from family members to significant others and finally to other friends and roommates. These results demonstrate how students listen to and find new music that is meaningful to them during this unprecedented pandemic.

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