scholarly journals Diversity of satellite glia in sympathetic and sensory ganglia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelia Mapps ◽  
Michael Thomsen ◽  
Erica Boehm ◽  
Haiqing Zhao ◽  
Samer Hattar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Sensory Ganglia ◽  
Peripheral Neurons ◽  
Single Cell Rna Sequencing ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Satellite Glia

Satellite glia are the major glial type found in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system and wrap around cell bodies of sympathetic and sensory neurons that are very diverse. Other than their close physical association with peripheral neurons, little is known about this glial population. Here, we performed single cell RNA sequencing analysis and identified five different populations of satellite glia from sympathetic and sensory ganglia. We identified three shared populations of satellite glia enriched in immune-response genes, immediate-early genes and ion channels/ECM-interactors, respectively. Sensory- and sympathetic-specific satellite glia are differentially enriched for modulators of lipid synthesis and metabolism. Sensory glia are also specifically enriched for genes involved in glutamate turnover. Further, satellite glia and Schwann cells can be distinguished by unique transcriptional signatures. This study reveals remarkable heterogeneity of satellite glia in the peripheral nervous system.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

scholarly journals H-2-linked genes influence the severity of herpes simplex virus infection of the peripheral nervous system.

1989 ◽  
Vol 169 (4) ◽  
pp. 1503-1507 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Sensory Ganglia ◽  
Herpetic Infection ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Impaired Ability ◽  
Simplex Virus

Infection of the peripheral nervous system was studied after inoculation of HSV into the flank skin of H-2 congenic mice. The amount of virus recovered from the sensory ganglia varied significantly between the mouse strains tested. Differences became apparent 7 d after infection, at which time the severity of disease in H-2k mice was two to three orders of magnitude greater than that in H-2d animals. The association of the H-2k haplotype with impaired ability to clear HSV from the nervous system is the first clear demonstration that genes within the MHC can influence the severity of primary herpetic infection, in spite of numerous studies on genetic resistance to this disease.

scholarly journals An Integrated View on Neuronal Subsets in the Peripheral Nervous System and Their Role in Immunoregulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel O. Jakob ◽  
Michael Kofoed-Branzk ◽  
Divija Deshpande ◽  
Shaira Murugan ◽  
Christoph S. N. Klose
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Immune Reactions ◽  
Peripheral Neurons ◽  
Inflammatory Signals ◽  
Neuronal Regulation

The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory circuits that respond to external and internal stimuli and effector circuits that adapt physiologic functions to environmental challenges. Identifying neurotransmitters and neuropeptides and the corresponding receptors on immune cells implies an essential role for the nervous system in regulating immune reactions. Vice versa, neurons express functional cytokine receptors to respond to inflammatory signals directly. Recent advances in single-cell and single-nuclei sequencing have provided an unprecedented depth in neuronal analysis and allowed to refine the classification of distinct neuronal subsets of the peripheral nervous system. Delineating the sensory and immunoregulatory capacity of different neuronal subsets could inform a better understanding of the response happening in tissues that coordinate physiologic functions, tissue homeostasis and immunity. Here, we summarize current subsets of peripheral neurons and discuss neuronal regulation of immune responses, focusing on neuro-immune interactions in the gastrointestinal tract. The nervous system as a central coordinator of immune reactions and tissue homeostasis may predispose for novel promising therapeutic approaches for a large variety of diseases including but not limited to chronic inflammation.

The mouse homeodomain protein Phox2 regulates Ncam promoter activity in concert with Cux/CDP and is a putative determinant of neurotransmitter phenotype

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 881-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Valarche ◽  
J.P. Tissier-Seta ◽  
M.R. Hirsch ◽  
S. Martinez ◽  
C. Goridis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Promoter Activity ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Homeodomain Protein ◽  
Sensory Ganglia ◽  
Homeodomain Proteins ◽  
Regulatory Cascade

Transcriptional regulation of the gene encoding the cell adhesion receptor NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule), a putative effector molecule of a variety of morphogenetic events, is likely to involve important regulators of morphogenesis. Here we identify two mouse homeodomain proteins that bind to an upstream regulatory element in the Ncam promoter: Cux, related to Drosophila cut and human CDP, and Phox2, a novel protein with a homeodomain related to that of the Drosophila paired gene. In transient transfection experiments, Cux was found to be a strong inhibitor of Ncam promoter activity, and this inhibition could be relieved by simultaneously overexpressing Phox2. These results suggest that the Ncam gene might be a direct target of homeodomain proteins and provide a striking example of regulatory cross-talk between homeodomain proteins of different classes. Whereas the expression pattern of Cux/CDP includes many NCAM-negative sites, Phox2 expression was restricted to cells also expressing Ncam or their progenitors. The localisation data thus strongly reinforce the notion that Phox2 plays a role in transcriptional activation of Ncam in Phox2-positive cell types. In the peripheral nervous system, Phox2 was strongly expressed in all ganglia of the autonomic nervous system and more weakly in some cranial sensory ganglia, but not in the sensory ganglia of the trunk. Phox2 transcripts were detected in the primordia of sympathetic ganglia as soon as they form. Phox2 expression in the brain was confined to spatially restricted domains in the hindbrain, which correspond to the noradrenergic and adrenergic nuclei once they are identifiable. All Phox2-expressing components of the peripheral nervous system are at least transiently adrenergic or noradrenergic. In the developing brain, Phox2 was expressed at all known locations of (nor)adrenergic neurones and of their precursors. These results suggest that Phox2, in addition to regulating the NCAM gene, may be part of the regulatory cascade that controls the differentiation of neurons towards this neurotransmitter phenotype.

Control of noradrenergic differentiation and Phox2a expression by MASH1 in the central and peripheral nervous system

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Hirsch ◽  
M.C. Tiveron ◽  
F. Guillemot ◽  
J.F. Brunet ◽  
C. Goridis
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Genetic Circuits ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Peripheral Neurons ◽  
Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase ◽  
Targeted Mutation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Noradrenergic Differentiation

Mash1, a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila proneural genes of the achaete-scute complex, is transiently expressed throughout the developing peripheral autonomic nervous system and in subsets of cells in the neural tube. In the mouse, targeted mutation of Mash1 has revealed a role in the development of parts of the autonomic nervous system and of olfactory neurons, but no discernible phenotype in the brain has been reported. Here, we show that the adrenergic and noradrenergic centres of the brain are missing in Mash1 mutant embryos, whereas most other brainstem nuclei are preserved. Indeed, the present data together with the previous results show that, except in cranial sensory ganglia, Mash1 function is essential for the development of all central and peripheral neurons that express noradrenergic traits transiently or permanently. In particular, we show that, in the absence of MASH1, these neurons fail to initiate expression of the noradrenaline biosynthetic enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase. We had previously shown that all these neurons normally express the homeodomain transcription factor Phox2a, a positive regulator of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene and that a subset of them depend on it for their survival. We now report that expression of Phox2a is abolished or massively altered in the Mash1−/− mutants, both in the noradrenergic centres of the brain and in peripheral autonomic ganglia. These results suggest that MASH1 controls noradrenergic differentiation at least in part by controlling expression of Phox2a and point to fundamental homologies in the genetic circuits that determine the noradrenergic phenotype in the central and peripheral nervous system.

scholarly journals Acid-sensing ion channels in sensory signaling

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (3) ◽  
pp. F531-F543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo D. Carattino ◽  
Nicolas Montalbetti
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Acid Sensing Ion Channels ◽  
Genetically Modified Mice ◽  
Sensory Processes

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are cation-permeable channels that in the periphery are primarily expressed in sensory neurons that innervate tissues and organs. Soon after the cloning of the ASIC subunits, almost 20 yr ago, investigators began to use genetically modified mice to assess the role of these channels in physiological processes. These studies provide critical insights about the participation of ASICs in sensory processes, including mechanotransduction, chemoreception, and nociception. Here, we provide an extensive assessment of these findings and discuss the current gaps in knowledge with regard to the functions of ASICs in the peripheral nervous system.

scholarly journals Large scale in vivo recording of sensory neuron activity with GCaMP6

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim I Chisholm ◽  
Nikita Khovanov ◽  
Douglas M Lopes ◽  
Federica La Russa ◽  
Stephen B McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Primary Afferents ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Single Action

AbstractGreater emphasis on the study of intact cellular networks in their physiological environment has led to rapid advances in intravital imaging in the central nervous system, while the peripheral system remains largely unexplored. To assess large networks of sensory neurons we selectively label primary afferents with GCaMP6s and visualise their functional responses in vivo to peripheral stimulation. We show that we are able to monitor simultaneously the activity of hundreds of sensory neurons with sensitivity sufficient to detect, in most cases, single action potentials with a typical rise time of around 200 milliseconds, and an exponential decay with a time constant of approximately 700 milliseconds. Using this sensitive technique we are able to show that large scale recordings demonstrate the recently disputed polymodality of nociceptive primary afferents with between 40-80% of thermally sensitive DRG neurons responding also to noxious mechanical stimulation. We also specifically assess the small population of peripheral cold fibres and demonstrate significant sensitisation to cooling after a model of sterile and persistent inflammation, with significantly increased sensitivity already at decreases of 5°C when compared to uninflamed responses. This not only reveals interesting new insights into the (patho)physiology of the peripheral nervous system but also demonstrates the sensitivity of this imaging technique to physiological changes in primary afferents.Significance StatementMost of our functional understanding of the peripheral nervous system has come from single unit recordings. However, the acquisition of such data is labour-intensive and usually ‘low yield’. Moreover, some questions are best addressed by studying populations of neurons. To this end we report on a system that monitors activity in hundreds of single sensory neurons simultaneously, with sufficient sensitivity to detect in most cases single action potentials. We use this technique to characterise nociceptor properties and demonstrate polymodality in the majority of neurons and their sensitization under inflammatory conditions. We therefore believe this approach will be very useful for the studies of the somatosensory system in general and pain in particular.

scholarly journals Adult Neurogenesis in Peripheral Nervous System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yisheng Liu ◽  
Xiaosong Gu
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Neuronal Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Nerve Staining

AbstractAlthough postnatal neurogenesis has been discovered in some regions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), only indirect evidences indicated that some progenitors in the adult sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) serve as a source of newly born sensory neurons. Here, we report the discovery of neurons and neuronal stem cells in the adult rat sciatic nerve. Lineage tracing detected a population of sciatic nerve neurons as progeny of adult neuronal stem cells. With the further finding of labeled DRG neurons in adult transgenic rats with local sciatic nerve staining, we propose a model of adult neurogenesis in the sciatic nerve in which neuronal stem cells in sciatic nerve mature as sensory neurons in adults along the sciatic nerve to DRG. This hypothesis provides a new way to understand sensory formation in adults. Those neuronal stem cells in the sciatic nerve may help to therapy of nerve trauma and disease in the future.

Homologous patterns in the embryonic development of the peripheral nervous system in the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria and the fly Drosophila melanogaster

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Meier ◽  
F. Chabaud ◽  
H. Reichert
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Developmental Mechanisms ◽  
Pioneer Neurons ◽  
Sensory Structures

To determine the generality of developmental mechanisms involved in the construction of the insect nervous system, the embryonic development of the peripheral nervous system in the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria was characterized at the level of identified neurons and nerve branches and then compared to that previously described from the fly Drosophila melanogaster. For this, immunocytochemistry using a neuron-specific antibody was carried out on staged grasshopper embryos. Our results show that initially a simple peripheral nerve scaffolding is established in each segment of the animal. This scaffolding consists of a pair of intersegmental nerves that are formed by identified afferent and efferent pioneer neurons and a pair of segmental nerves that are formed by afferent pioneers situated in limb buds. Subsequently, identified sets of sensory neurons differentiate in a stereotyped spatiotemporal pattern in dorsal, lateral and ventral clusters in each segment and project their axons onto these nerves. Although segment-specific differences exist, serial homologs of the developing nerves and sensory neurons can be identified. A comparison of these results with those obtained from Drosophila shows that virtually the same pattern of peripheral nerves and sensory structures is formed in both species. This indicates that the construction of the peripheral nervous system in extremely divergent modern insects relies on conserved developmental mechanisms that evolved in ancestral insects over 300 million years ago.

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