Description of the sound diversity of two species of tuco-tucos (Ctenomys torquatus and Ctenomys lami ) in natural environment

Sound signals can travel through long distances, becoming an important communication channel between animals that need to establish contact beyond the visual form. They can then be considered a relevant form of communication between species living in the underground environment. Ctenomys torquatus and Ctenomys lami are solitary subterranean rodents, thus demanding an improvement of the communicative channels, especially in territorial defense actions and meeting potential reproductive partners. This work was aimed to describe the variability of acoustic signals emitted by C. torquatus and C. lami by analyzing the physical-morphological characteristics of the signals. The study was carried out in two populations, one of each species and was selected 14 individuals of C. torquatus and 15 C. lami. The acoustic signals were recorded in a natural environment, obtaining the sounds straight from the animal tunnels. A total of 1,380 signals were captured and analyzed, 786 from C. torquatus and 594 from C. lami. It was possible to characterize 5 different types of signals, emitted by both species. Most of the analyzed sequences presented low frequency, and many of these calls exhibited characteristics of long-range signals. It was verified a sharing of sound signals in both species, as regarding the acoustic parameters as the morphology of the analyzed spectrograms. For the first time, it was possible to have access to sound data emitted by direct subterranean rodents from their tunnels in the natural environment.

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Temporal and Acoustic Correlates in Vocal Exchange of Coo Calls in Japanese Macaques

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/156853993x00588 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 124 (3-4) ◽

pp. 207-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Hideki Sugiura

Keyword(s):

Acoustic Analysis ◽

Short Interval ◽

Japanese Macaques ◽

Acoustic Features ◽

Acoustic Parameters ◽

Acoustic Correlates ◽

Different Types ◽

Female Japanese Macaques ◽

Two Populations ◽

Do So

AbstractVocal exchanges of coo calls in female Japanese macaques were observed in two populations. Temporal patterns of occurrence of these vocalizations during vocal interaction were studied by analyzing inter-call intervals between two consecutive coos. When the second call was uttered by a different caller from the first (DC sequence), most of the second calls occurred at intervals shorter than approximately 0.8 sec, and the remaining ones at intervals longer than approximately 0.8 sec. These results indicate that the second coos of DC sequence are of two different types, and that second calls separated by short intervals may occur in response to the first call, whereas second calls separated by a relatively longer interval may occur independently of the preceding call. When an animal responds to a coo given by another, she appears to do so within a certain period of time. When two consecutiove calls were uttered by the same caller (SC sequence), the second coos rarely occurred within 0.8 sec, but mostly at longer intervals. These results suggest that when an animal utters a coo spontaneously, it remains silent for a short interval and when no response occurs, she is likely to give further coos addressing groups members. Acoustic analysis of two consecutive coos in DC sequence showed that the second coos given by a different caller and occurring within 0.8 sec significantly correlated with those of first coos with respect to several acoustic parameters. This correlation was not observed when coos occurred at intervals of more than 0.8 sec. This phenomenon was confirmed by a playback experiment. The results suggest the possibility that an animal is able to alter acoustic features of responding coos and matches those of preceding coos.

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Information Flow in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Communication Channel

10.1101/2021.08.23.457435 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

José Díaz ◽

Gustavo Martínez-Mekler

Keyword(s):

Gene Regulatory Network ◽

Regulatory Network ◽

Cell Cycle Progression ◽

Communication Channel ◽

Growth Factor Receptor ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Mapk Cascade ◽

Cycle Progression ◽

Different Types ◽

Gene Regulatory

AbstractIn this work we analyze the flow of information through the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) communication channel when different types of signals are transmitted by the MAPK cascade to the gene regulatory network (GRN) formed by the genes C-Myc, DUSP, and Cdc25A, which control fibroblast proliferation. We used the canonical mathematical model of the MAPK cascade coupled to a stochastic model for the activation of the gene regulatory network, subject to different types of FGF inputs (step, quadratic pulses, Dirac delta, and white noise), in order to analyze the response of the gene regulatory network to each type of signal, and determine the temporal variation of the value of its Shannon entropy in each case. Our model suggests that the sustained activation of the FGFR communication channel with a step of FGF > 1 nM is required for cell cycle progression and that during the G1/S transition the amount of uncertainty of the GRN remains at a steady value of ∼ 2.75 bits, indicating that while the fibroblast stimulation with FGF continues the G1/S transition does not require an additional interchange of information between the emitter and the gene regulatory network to be completed. We also found that either low frequency pulses of FGF or low frequency noise, both with a frequency f ≤ 2.77 Hz, are not filtered by the MAPK cascade and can modify the output of the communication channel, i.e., the amount of the effector proteins c-myc, cdc25A and DUSP. An additional effect suggested by our model is that o low frequency periodic signals and noise possibly blockage cell cycle progression because the threshold value concentration of cdc25A for the G1/S transition is not sustained in the in the nucleus during the 10 hours that this process lasts. Finally, from our model we can estimate the capacity of this communication channel in 0.96 bits/min.

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THE INFLUENCE OF ROOM ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS ON THE PERCEPTION OF ROOM CHARACTERISTICS

Akustika ◽

10.36336/akustika20203728 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Alicja Jasińska ◽

Maurycy Kin

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Subjective Evaluation ◽

Strength Parameter ◽

Acoustic Parameters ◽

Sound Sources ◽

Different Types

The article presents the possibility of identification of rooms on the basis of binaural perception. Results of subjective evaluation were compared with the values of sound strength, G. A previously unknown sound term was introduced: the strength of spatial impression as the inverse of standard deviation of the results obtained. It turned out that the results presenting the sound strength parameter can be correlated with the subjective evaluation of the spatial impression, which is the size of the room. It can be helpful in the process of room identification, probably due to the reverberation impression in the room. Authors plan to continue the study with more rooms and different types of sound sources.

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Probabilistic Assessment of Reliability and Risk Values by Certification Results

Earthquake Engineering. Construction Safety ◽

10.37153/2618-9283-2020-3-52-67 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 52-67

Author(s):

Vladimir A. Lapin ◽

Erken S. Aldakhov ◽

S. D. Aldakhov ◽

A. B. Ali

Keyword(s):

Seismic Risk ◽

Housing Stock ◽

Seismic Resistance ◽

Probabilistic Assessment ◽

Quantitative Estimates ◽

Different Types ◽

Reduce Risk ◽

First Time ◽

Structural Solutions ◽

Practical Recommendations

For the first time in Almaty full passport of apartment stock of multiapartment building was carried out. The structure of the housing stock was revealed with the allocation of groups of buildings according to structural solutions and assessment of their seismic resistance. Based on the results of certification, quantitative estimates of failure probability values for different types of buildings were obtained. Formulas for estimation of quantitative value of seismic risk are obtained. The number of deaths in the estimated zem-shakes was estimated. The results of the assessments will be used for practical recommendations to reduce risk and expected losses in possible earthquakes.

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The Small State Challenge

10.1093/oso/9780198796718.003.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jack Corbett ◽

Wouter Veenendaal

Keyword(s):

Comparative Politics ◽

Institutional Design ◽

Small States ◽

Small State ◽

Informal Politics ◽

Different Types ◽

Approach Method ◽

Key Terms ◽

First Time

Chapter 1 introduces the main arguments of the book; outlines the approach, method, and data; defines key terms; and provides a chapter outline. Global theories of democratization have systematically excluded small states, which make up roughly 20 per cent of countries. These cases debunk mainstream theories of why democratization succeeds or fails. This book brings small states into the comparative politics fold for the first time. It is organized thematically, with each chapter tackling one of the main theories from the democratization literature. Different types of data are examined—case studies and other documentary evidence, interviews and observation. Following an abductive approach, in addition to examining the veracity of existing theory, each chapter is also used to build an explanation of how democracy is practiced in small states. Specifically, we highlight how small state politics is shaped by personalization and informal politics, rather than formal institutional design.

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Locating Ships Using Time Reversal and Matrix Pencil Method by Their Underwater Acoustic Signals

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21155065 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (15) ◽

pp. 5065

Author(s):

Daniel Chaparro-Arce ◽

Sergio Gutierrez ◽

Andres Gallego ◽

Cesar Pedraza ◽

Felix Vega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Reversal ◽

Communication Channel ◽

Matrix Pencil ◽

Acoustic Signals ◽

Underwater Acoustic ◽

Low Bit Rate ◽

Matrix Pencil Method ◽

The Matrix ◽

Resonance Expansion ◽

Passive Sensors

This paper presents a technique, based on the matrix pencil method (MPM), for the compression of underwater acoustic signals produced by boat engines. The compressed signal, represented by its complex resonance expansion, is intended to be sent over a low-bit-rate wireless communication channel. We demonstrate that the method can provide data compression greater than 60%, ensuring a correlation greater than 93% between the reconstructed and the original signal, at a sampling frequency of 2.2 kHz. Once the signal was reconstituted, a localization process was carried out with the time reversal method (TR) using information from four different sensors in a simulation environment. This process sought to achieve the identification of the position of the ship using only passive sensors, considering two different sensor arrangements.

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MiRNA Expression in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of Frequent Localizations

Non-Coding RNA ◽

10.3390/ncrna7030038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 38

Author(s):

Alexandra Korotaeva ◽

Danzan Mansorunov ◽

Natalya Apanovich ◽

Anna Kuzevanova ◽

Alexander Karpukhin

Keyword(s):

Mirna Expression ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Neuroendocrine Neoplasms ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Clinical Biomarkers ◽

Different Types ◽

Functional Features ◽

First Time ◽

Potential Biomarkers

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are infrequent malignant tumors of a neuroendocrine nature that arise in various organs. They occur most frequently in the lungs, intestines, stomach and pancreas. Molecular diagnostics and prognosis of NEN development are highly relevant. The role of clinical biomarkers can be played by microRNAs (miRNAs). This work is devoted to the analysis of data on miRNA expression in NENs. For the first time, a search for specificity or a community of their functional characteristics in different types of NEN was carried out. Their properties as biomarkers were also analyzed. To date, more than 100 miRNAs have been characterized as differentially expressed and significant for the development of NEN tumors. Only about 10% of the studied miRNAs are expressed in several types of NEN; differential expression of the remaining 90% was found only in tumors of specific localizations. A significant number of miRNAs have been identified as potential biomarkers. However, only a few miRNAs have values that characterized their quality as markers. The analysis demonstrates the predominant specific expression of miRNA in each studied type of NEN. This indicates that miRNA’s functional features are predominantly influenced by the tissue in which they are formed.

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177 Saponins, Including 11 New Compounds in Wild Ginseng Tentatively Identified via HPLC-IT-TOF-MSn, and Differences among Wild Ginseng, Ginseng under Forest, and Cultivated Ginseng

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26113371 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (11) ◽

pp. 3371

Author(s):

Chao-Qun Wang ◽

Li-Wei Yi ◽

Lin Zhao ◽

Yu-Zhen Zhou ◽

Fang Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Environment ◽

Mountain Forest ◽

Characteristic Peak ◽

Chromatographic Fingerprints ◽

New Compounds ◽

First Time ◽

Peak Pattern ◽

Wild Ginseng

Wild ginseng (W-GS), ginseng under forest (F-GS, planted in mountain forest and growing in natural environment), and cultivated ginseng (C-GS) were compared via HPLC-DAD and HPLC-IT-TOF-MSn. A total of 199 saponins, including 16 potential new compounds, were tentatively identified from 100 mg W-GS (177 saponins in W-GS with 11 new compounds), F-GS (56 saponins with 1 new compound), and C-GS (60 saponins with 6 new compounds). There were 21 saponins detected from all the W-GS, F-GS, and C-GS. Fifty saponins were only detected from W-GS, including 23 saponins found in ginseng for the first time. Contents of ginsenosides Re (12.36–13.91 mg/g), Rh1 (7.46–7.65 mg/g), Rd (12.94–12.98 mg/g), and the total contents (50.52–55.51 mg/g) of Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rg2, Rh1, and Rd in W-GS were remarkably higher than those in F-GS (Re 1.22–3.50 mg/g, Rh1 0.15–1.49 mg/g, Rd 0.19–1.49 mg/g, total 5.69–18.74 mg/g), and C-GS (Re 0.30–3.45 mg/g, Rh1 0.05–3.42 mg/g, Rd 0.17–1.68 mg/g, total 2.99–19.55 mg/g). Contents of Re and Rf were significantly higher in F-GS than those in C-GS (p < 0.05). Using the contents of Re, Rf, or Rb1, approximately a half number of cultivated ginseng samples could be identified from ginseng under forest. Contents of Rg1, Re, Rg2, Rh1, as well as the total contents of the seven ginsenosides were highest in ginseng older than 15 years, middle–high in ginseng between 10 to 15 years old, and lowest in ginseng younger than 10 years. Contents of Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rg2, and the total of seven ginsenosides were significantly related to the growing ages of ginseng (p < 0.10). Similarities of chromatographic fingerprints to W-GS were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for F-GS (median: 0.824) than C-GS (median: 0.745). A characteristic peak pattern in fingerprint was also discovered for distinguishing three types of ginseng. Conclusively, wild ginseng was remarkably superior to ginseng under forest and cultivated ginseng, with ginseng under forest slightly closer to wild ginseng than cultivated ginseng. The differences among wild ginseng, ginseng under forest, and cultivated ginseng in saponin compositions and contents of ginsenosides were mainly attributed to their growing ages.

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Second-order neutrosophic boundary-value problem

Complex & Intelligent Systems ◽

10.1007/s40747-020-00268-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sandip Moi ◽

Suvankar Biswas ◽

Smita Pal(Sarkar)

Keyword(s):

Differential Equation ◽

Boundary Value Problem ◽

Differential Calculus ◽

Boundary Value ◽

Second Order ◽

Numerical Examples ◽

Different Types ◽

First Time

AbstractIn this article, some properties of neutrosophic derivative and neutrosophic numbers have been presented. This properties have been used to develop the neutrosophic differential calculus. By considering different types of first- and second-order derivatives, different kind of systems of derivatives have been developed. This is the first time where a second-order neutrosophic boundary-value problem has been introduced with different types of first- and second-order derivatives. Some numerical examples have been examined to explain different systems of neutrosophic differential equation.

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Interactions between an Associative Amphiphilic Block Polyelectrolyte and Surfactants in Water: Effect of Charge Type on Solution Properties and Aggregation

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13111729 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1729

Author(s):

Patrizio Raffa

Keyword(s):

Surface Tension ◽

Self Assembly ◽

Interaction Model ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Molecular Organization ◽

Different Types ◽

Solution Rheology ◽

Interesting Class ◽

First Time

The study of interactions between polyelectrolytes (PE) and surfactants is of great interest for both fundamental and applied research. These mixtures can represent, for example, models of self-assembly and molecular organization in biological systems, but they are also relevant in industrial applications. Amphiphilic block polyelectrolytes represent an interesting class of PE, but their interactions with surfactants have not been extensively explored so far, most studies being restricted to non-associating PE. In this work, interactions between an anionic amphiphilic triblock polyelectrolyte and different types of surfactants bearing respectively negative, positive and no charge, are investigated via surface tension and solution rheology measurements for the first time. It is evidenced that the surfactants have different effects on viscosity and surface tension, depending on their charge type. Micellization of the surfactant is affected by the presence of the polymer in all cases; shear viscosity of polymer solutions decreases in presence of the same charge or nonionic surfactants, while the opposite charge surfactant causes precipitation. This study highlights the importance of the charge type, and the role of the associating hydrophobic block in the PE structure, on the solution behavior of the mixtures. Moreover, a possible interaction model is proposed, based on the obtained data.

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