scholarly journals Collaborations and deceptions in strategic interactions revealed by hyperscanning fMRI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siao-Shan Shen ◽  
Jen-Tang Cheng ◽  
Yi-Ren Hsu ◽  
Der-Yow Chen ◽  
Ming-Hung Weng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Trust ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Strategic Interactions ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Competition Condition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Contextual Variability ◽  
Treasure Chest ◽  
The Right

Despite its ubiquity, deceiving as a social phenomenon is scarcely addressed with fMRI, partly due to the spontaneity and individual differences in cheating, and the contextual variability that fosters lying. In this hyperscanning fMRI study, the participant pairs (n=33) from Taipei and Tainan joined an opening-treasure-chest (OTC) game, where the dyads took alternative turns as senders (to inform) and receivers (to decide) for guessing the right chest. The cooperation condition was achieved by, upon successful guessing, splitting the $200NTD trial reward, thereby promoting mutual trust. The competition condition, in contrast, was done by, also upon winning, the latter receivers taking all the $150NTD reward, thereby encouraging strategic interactions. One key fMRI finding was the negative correlations between the connectivity of the right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ), known as the theory-of-mind function, and amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, and rostral anterior cingulate (rACC), to senders' behavioral lying rates. Furthermore, the Multi-Voxel Pattern Analysis (MVPA) over multiple searchlight-identified Region-Of-Interests (ROIs), in classifying either the "truthful vs. lying in $150" or the "truthful in $200 vs. truthful in $150" conditions achieved 61% and 84.5% accuracy, respectively, reflecting the idiosyncratic brain networks involved in distinguishing the social trust vs. deceptions in the dyadic interactions.

How to Choose the Right Partners in Cross-Sector Partnership in Emerging Countries? A Political Embeddedness Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 000765032098260
Author(s):  
Jiawen Chen ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Linlin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Close Relationships ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Partner Selection ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Social Partnership ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Relational Risks

In emerging countries such as China where the government is gradually withdrawing from involvement in social affairs, firms face dilemmas around relational risks of partnering with different forms of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Affiliated NGOs (those with close relationships with government) are more likely to sabotage the social partnership through misconduct, and are also capable of higher standards of collaborative social performance compared with independent NGOs (those with few such relationships). This study proposes that firms’ political embeddedness helps mitigate relational risks in cross-sector partner selection, and finds that politically connected firms are more likely to partner with affiliated NGOs than with independent NGOs in China. This effect is more pronounced for private firms that are less socially oriented or are located in regions with less-developed formal institutions and social trust. Our findings highlight relational risks relevant to cross-sector partner selection literature and offer important insights into how relational risks can be reduced in cross-sector partner selection in emerging countries.

scholarly journals Cerebral Activity Changes in Different Traditional Chinese Medicine Patterns of Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Liu ◽  
Peihai Zhang ◽  
Junjie Pan ◽  
Zhengjie Li ◽  
Jixin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Cerebral Activity ◽  
The Right

Background.Pattern differentiation is the foundation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED). This study aims to investigate the differences in cerebral activity in ED patients with different TCM patterns.Methods.27 psychogenic ED patients and 27 healthy subjects (HS) were enrolled in this study. Each participant underwent an fMRI scan in resting state. The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) was used to detect the brain activity changes in ED patients with different patterns.Results.Compared to HS, ED patients showed an increased cerebral activity in bilateral cerebellum, insula, globus pallidus, parahippocampal gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and middle cingulate cortex (MCC). Compared to the patients with liver-qi stagnation and spleen deficiency pattern (LSSDP), the patients with kidney-yang deficiency pattern (KDP) showed an increased activity in bilateral brainstem, cerebellum, hippocampus, and the right insula, thalamus, MCC, and a decreased activity in bilateral putamen, medial frontal gyrus, temporal pole, and the right caudate nucleus, OFC, anterior cingulate cortex, and posterior cingulate cortex (P<0.005).Conclusions.The ED patients with different TCM patterns showed different brain activities. The differences in cerebral activity between LSSDP and KDP were mainly in the emotion-related regions, including prefrontal cortex and cingulated cortex.

scholarly journals When implicit prosociality trumps selfishness: the neural valuation system underpins more optimal choices when learning to avoid harm to others than to oneself

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Lengersdorff ◽  
Isabella Wagner ◽  
Claus Lamm
Keyword(s):  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
Egocentric Bias ◽  
Right Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
The Right

Humans learn quickly which actions cause them harm. As social beings, we also need to learn to avoid actions that hurt others. It is currently unknown if humans are as good at learning to avoid others' harm (prosocial learning) as they are at learning to avoid self-harm (self-relevant learning). Moreover, it remains unclear how the neural mechanisms of prosocial learning differ from those of self-relevant learning. In this fMRI study, 96 male human participants learned to avoid painful stimuli either for themselves or for another individual. We found that participants performed more optimally when learning for the other than for themselves. Computational modeling revealed that this could be explained by an increased sensitivity to subjective values of choice alternatives during prosocial learning. Increased value-sensitivity was further associated with empathic traits. On the neural level, higher value-sensitivity during prosocial learning was associated with stronger engagement of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) during valuation. Moreover, the VMPFC exhibited higher connectivity with the right temporoparietal junction during prosocial, compared to self-relevant, choices. Our results suggest that humans are particularly adept at learning to protect others from harm. This ability appears implemented by neural mechanisms overlapping with those supporting self-relevant learning, but with the additional recruitment of structures associated to the social brain. Our findings contrasts with recent proposals that humans are egocentrically biased when learning to obtain monetary rewards for self or others. Prosocial tendencies may thus trump the egocentric bias in learning when another person's physical integrity is at stake.

scholarly journals Altered Spontaneous Brain Activity in Somatic Symptom Disorder: A Resting-state fMRI Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangyang Cui ◽  
Huai-Bin Liang ◽  
Qian Zhu ◽  
Zhaoxia Qin ◽  
Yue Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Somatic Symptom ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Cingulate Gyrus ◽  
Medical Disorders ◽  
Medial Frontal Gyrus ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background: Somatic symptom disorders (SSDs) are common medical disorders characterized by various biological, social, and psychological pathogenic factors. Little is known about the neural correlations of SSD. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the dysfunction in 45 patients with SSD and in 43 controls by combining the regional homogeneity (ReHo) amplitudes of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) methods based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Compared to the controls, the patients with SSD exhibited significantly greater ReHo in the right cingulate gyrus and smaller ReHo in the right precuneus, left inferior and temporal gyrus extending to the left middle temporal gyrus and left parahippocampal gyrus, and right pons. The SSD patients showed higher ALFF values in the cingulate gyrus extending to the left medial frontal gyrus, right insula extending to the right inferior frontal gyrus, and left medial frontal gyrus extending to the left anterior cingulate cortex. Conclusions: These dysfunction areas seem to have a particular importance for the occurrence of SSD, which may result in dysfunction in self-relevant processes, emotional processing, multimodal integration, arousal, interoception, and body perception.

scholarly journals Cerebral Responses to Stationary Emotional Stimuli Measured by fMRI in Women with Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliane Maria Dias von Söhsten Lins ◽  
Roseli Saraiva Moreira Bittar ◽  
Paulo Rodrigo Bazán ◽  
Edson Amaro Júnior ◽  
Jeffrey Paul Staab
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Vestibular Disorder ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Increased Activity

Abstract Introduction Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a functional vestibular disorder characterized by chronic dizziness, unsteadiness, and hypersensitivity to motion. Preexisting anxiety disorders and neurotic personality traits confer vulnerability to PPPD. High anxiety during acute vertigo or dizziness incites it. A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of chronic subjective dizziness found unexpectedly hypoactive responses to vestibular stimulation in cortical regions that integrate threat assessment and spatial perception. Objective This fMRI study used non-moving, but emotionally charged visual stimuli to investigate the brain's activity of PPPD patients and control subjects. Methods The participants included 16 women with PPPD and 16 age-matched women who recovered completely from acute episodes of vertigo or dizziness capable of triggering PPPD. Brain responses to positive, neutral, and negative figures from the International Affective Picture System were measured with fMRI and compared between the groups. Dizziness handicap, anxiety, and depression were assessed with validated questionnaires. Results Between group analyses: Participants with PPPD showed reduced activity in anterior cingulate cortex and increased activity in left angular gyrus in response to negative versus positive stimuli, which was not observed in recovered individuals. Within group analyses: Participants with PPPD had increased activity in visuospatial areas (parahippocampal gyrus, intraparietal sulcus) in negative versus positive and negative versus neutral contrasts, whereas recovered individuals had increased activity in anxiety regions (amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex). Conclusion Patients with PPPD may be more attuned to spatial elements than to the content of emotionally charged visual stimuli.

Neural Correlates of Emotional Contagion Induced by Happy and Sad Expressions

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tokiko Harada ◽  
Akiko Hayashi ◽  
Norihiro Sadato ◽  
Tetsuya Iidaka
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Emotional Contagion ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
Parietal Lobes ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
The Right

Abstract. Facial expressions play a significant role in displaying feelings. A person’s facial expression automatically induces a similar emotional feeling in an observer; this phenomenon is known as emotional contagion. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying such emotional responses. We conducted an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to examine the neural substrates involved in automatic responses and emotional feelings induced by movies of another person’s happy and sad facial expressions. The fMRI data revealed observing happiness (vs. sadness) evoked activity in the left anterior cingulate gyrus, which is known to be responsible for positive emotional processing and fear inhibition. Conversely, observing sadness (vs. happiness) increased activity in the right superior temporal sulcus and bilateral inferior parietal lobes, which have been reported to be involved in negative emotional processing and the representation of facial movements. In addition, both expressions evoked activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus. These patterns of activity suggest that the observation of dynamic facial expressions automatically elicited dissociable and partially overlapping responses for happy and sad emotions.

scholarly journals Identification of the cerebral effects of paracetamol in healthy subjects: an fMRI study

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier De Coster ◽  
Patrice Forget ◽  
Johan De Mey ◽  
Peter Van Schuerbeek ◽  
Jan Poelaert
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Posterior Cingulate ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Volume Of Interest ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
The Right

Introduction: Paracetamol is commonly used for its antipyretic properties and analgesic effects, but the central mechanism remains elusive. We designed a study in healthy volunteers to detect the central functional working mechanism of paracetamol. Subjects, material and methods: A total of 20 subjects had a baseline functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before the intake of 1000 mg paracetamol orally; 60 minutes later, a second fMRI was made aiming detection of regional blood flow differences. Results: A decreased connectivity was observed in the ventral volume of interest (VOI), with the posterior cingulate (with both the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and right ACC: respectively, Ke = 576; t = −6.8894 and Ke = 185; t = −4.8178) and the inferior temporal left (Ke = 103; t = −5.0993); in the combined ventral and dorsal VOIs, the posterior cingulate (with the left ACC; Ke = 149; t = −4.5658) and, both with the right ACC, the inferior temporal left (Ke = 88; t = −3.8456) and the inferior frontal gyrus (Ke = 86; t = −4.3937) had a decrease in connectivity. An increase was seen in other regions, including, among others, the middle frontal and temporal gyri (respectively, Ke = 85; t = 4.4256 and Ke = 85; t = 5.6851), the inferior frontal (with the left ACC: Ke = 165; t = 4.4998) and the superior frontal gyrus (with the right ACC; Ke = 281; t = 4.5992), and the post/precentral gyrus (with the right ACC, respectively, Ke = 102; t = 6.0582 and Ke = 105; t = 4.0776). Conclusions: On fMRIs in healthy volunteers, the ingestion of paracetamol affects connections with the ACC. This suggests a central effect of paracetamol in cerebral areas known to be associated with pain. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the same effects in acute and chronic pain states.

scholarly journals HIV-Associated Structural and Functional Brain Alterations in Homosexual Males

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Ma ◽  
Xiudong Shi ◽  
Guochao Chen ◽  
Fengxiang Song ◽  
Fengjun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Regional Homogeneity ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Purpose:Neuroimaging elucidations have shown structural and functional brain alterations in HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals when compared to HIV-negative (HIV–) controls. However, HIV− groups used in previous studies were not specifically considered for sexual orientation, which also affects the brain structures and functions. The current study aimed to characterize the brain alterations associated with HIV infection while controlling for sexual orientation.Methods:Forty-three HIV+ and 40 HIV– homosexual men (HoM) were recruited and underwent resting-state MRI scanning. Group differences in gray matter volume (GMV) were assessed using a voxel-based morphometry analysis. Brain regions with the altered GMV in the HIV+ HoM group were then taken as regions of interest in a seed-based analysis to identify altered functional connectivity. Furthermore, the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and regional homogeneity values were compared between the two groups to evaluate the HIV-associated functional abnormalities in local brain regions.Results:HIV+ HoM showed significantly increased GMV in the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala, and decreased GMV in the right inferior cerebellum, compared with the HIV– HoM. The brain regions with increased GMV were hyper-connected with the left superior cerebellum, right lingual gyrus, and left precuneus in the HIV+ HoM. Moreover, the ALFF values of the right fusiform gyrus, and left parahippocampal gyrus were increased in the HIV+ HoM. The regional homogeneity values of the right anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri, and left superior cerebellum were decreased in the HIV+ HoM.Conclusion:When the study population was restricted to HoM, HIV+ individuals exhibited structural alterations in the limbic system and cerebellum, and functional abnormalities in the limbic, cerebellum, and visual network. These findings complement the existing knowledge on the HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment from the previous neuroimaging studies by controlling for the potential confounding factor, sexual orientation. Future studies on brain alternations with the exclusion of related factors like sexual orientation are needed to understand the impact of HIV infection on neurocognitive function more accurately.

Structural Neural Correlates of Memory Performance in Schizoprhenia as Revealed by Cortical Thickness

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
K. Sergerie ◽  
A.C. Evans ◽  
C. Lepage ◽  
M. Lepage
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Abnormalities ◽  
The Right

In addition to the positive and negative symptoms, schizophrenia is associated with a variety of cognitive impairments, and in particular with episodic memory deficits. Functional neuroimaging studies have begun exploring the potential neural correlates of memory deficits but there are few reports of structural brain abnormalities underlying memory impairment in schizophrenia. We investigated the potential association between morphological brain abnormalities as revealed by cortical thickness measures and episodic memory performance on a face recognition task. Differences in regional cortical thickness between 27 patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia and 28 control matched subjects were investigated using MRI T1 images and computer image analysis (CIVET pipeline; Lerch and Evans, 2005). Cortical thickness was estimated as the shortest distance between the pial surface of the cerebral cortex and the white-matter/gray-matter interface surface at numerous points (40 962 vertices) across the cortical mantle. Consistent with previous studies, a group comparison revealed thinner cortex in the patient group relative to controls in the right prefrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus. Interestingly, a significant positive correlation between memory performance and cortical thickness of the anterior cingulate, bilaterally as well as the right parahippocampal gyrus was noted in the schizophrenia group. That is, the thinner the cortex in those regions, the more impaired the patients were in terms of memory performance as compared to healthy participants.

Social and Political Trust

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-87
Author(s):  
Kevin Vallier
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right ◽  
Social Orders

This chapter draws on the extensive empirical literatures on trust in the social sciences in order to explore how to create and maintain social and political trust in the real world. The overall conclusion of this chapter is twofold. First, social and political trust are critical social achievements for sustaining a diverse social order, but social trust is more important than political trust. Second, liberal-democratic market institutions play a modest role in sustaining social trust, and a large role in sustaining political trust. We can conclude, then, that liberal democratic market societies are part of a positive causal feedback loop that sustains trusting social orders with diverse persons who disagree. That is how we get trust for the right reasons.

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