scholarly journals Hospitalization Data Supports Correlation of Lower Covid-19 Severity vs. Universal BCG Immunization in the Early Phase of the Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Dolgikh
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Protection Effect ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Lower Severity ◽  
Per Capita

The possibility of a correlation between universal administration of the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) tuberculosis vaccine and lower severity of Covid-19 by national jurisdiction has been pointed out previously. In this work we examined hospitalization data attributed to Covid-19 cause reported by European national jurisdictions with the conclusion of a clear negative correlation between current or recent BCG vaccination program and reduced impact of the epidemics on the population measured in hospital admissions per capita in the early phase of the pandemic, before variants and vaccines. While there is no evidence that BCG vaccination provides strong individual level protection, the results of this work in combination with the results of other studies appear to support the hypothesis of a certain population-wide protection effect that is correlated with BCG immunization.

scholarly journals Mandated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination predicts flattened curves for the spread of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha K. Berg ◽  
Qinggang Yu ◽  
Cristina E. Salvador ◽  
Irene Melani ◽  
Shinobu Kitayama
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Systematic Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Density Population ◽  
Day By Day

AbstractBCG vaccination may reduce the risk of a range of infectious diseases, and, if so, could serve as a protective factor against COVID-19. Here, we compared countries that mandated BCG vaccination at least until 2000 with to countries that did not (140 countries in total). To minimize any systematic effects of reporting biases, we analyzed the rate of the day-by-day increase in both confirmed cases and deaths in the first 30-day period of country-wise outbreaks. The 30-day window was adjusted to begin at the country-wise onset of the pandemic. Linear mixed models revealed a significant effect of mandated BCG policies on the growth rate of both cases and deaths after controlling for median age, gross domestic product per capita, population density, population size, net migration rate, and various cultural dimensions (e.g., individualism and the tightness vs. looseness of social norms). Our analysis suggests that mandated BCG vaccination can be effective in the fight against COVID-19.TeaserNational policies for universal BCG vaccination are associated with flattened growth of country-wise COVID-19 cases and deaths.

scholarly journals Mandated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination predicts flattened curves for the spread of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (32) ◽  
pp. eabc1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha K. Berg ◽  
Qinggang Yu ◽  
Cristina E. Salvador ◽  
Irene Melani ◽  
Shinobu Kitayama
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Migration Rate ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Systematic Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Density Population ◽  
Day By Day

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination may reduce the risk of a range of infectious diseases, and if so, it could protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we compared countries that mandated BCG vaccination until at least 2000 with countries that did not. To minimize any systematic effects of reporting biases, we analyzed the rate of the day-by-day increase in both confirmed cases (134 countries) and deaths (135 countries) in the first 30-day period of country-wise outbreaks. The 30-day window was adjusted to begin at the country-wise onset of the pandemic. Linear mixed models revealed a significant effect of mandated BCG policies on the growth rate of both cases and deaths after controlling for median age, gross domestic product per capita, population density, population size, net migration rate, and various cultural dimensions (e.g., individualism). Our analysis suggests that mandated BCG vaccination can be effective in the fight against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis after ceasing universal Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayori Kobayashi ◽  
Takashi Yoshiyama ◽  
Kazuhiro Uchimura ◽  
Yuko Hamaguchi ◽  
Seiya Kato
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Public Health Authority ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Notification Rate ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
The Past ◽  
Childhood Tb ◽  
Selective Vaccination

AbstractUniversal Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination is recommended in countries with high tuberculosis (TB) burden. Nevertheless, several countries have ceased universal BCG vaccination over the past 40 years, with scarce comparative epidemiological analyses regarding childhood TB after the policy change. We analysed data on childhood TB in countries that ceased universal BCG vaccination. Data sources included national/international databases, published papers, annual TB reports, and public health authority websites. Childhood TB notification rate increased in one of seven countries with available data. Pulmonary TB and TB lymphadenitis were the main causes of increasing childhood cases, while changes in severe forms of TB cases were minor. Maintaining high vaccine coverage for the target group was a common challenge after shifting selective vaccination. In some countries showing no increase in childhood TB after a BCG policy change, the majority of childhood TB cases were patients from abroad or those with overseas parents; these countries had changed immigration policies during the same period. Heterogeneity in childhood TB epidemiology was observed after ceasing universal BCG vaccination; several factors might obscure the influence of vaccination policy change. Lessons learned from these countries may aid in the development of better BCG vaccination strategies.

Global magnesium supply in the food chain

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diriba B. Kumssa ◽  
Edward J. M. Joy ◽  
E. Louise Ander ◽  
Michael J. Watts ◽  
Scott D. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Composition ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Mg Deficiency ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Dietary Surveys ◽  
Food Composition Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Potential Inhibitors ◽  
Dietary Deficiency

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential mineral micronutrient in humans. Risks of dietary Mg deficiency are affected by the quantity of Mg ingested and its bioavailability, which is influenced by the consumption of other nutrients and ‘anti-nutrients’. Here, we assess global dietary Mg supplies and risks of dietary deficiency, including the influence of other nutrients. Food supply and food composition data were used to derive the amount of Mg available per capita at national levels. Supplies of Mg were compared with estimated national per capita average requirement ‘cut points’. In 2011, global weighted mean Mg supply was 613 ± 69 mg person–1 day–1 compared with a weighted estimated average requirement for Mg of 173 mg person–1 day–1. This indicates a low risk of dietary Mg deficiency of 0.26% based on supply. This contrasts with published data from national individual-level dietary surveys, which indicate greater Mg deficiency risks. However, individuals in high-income countries are likely to under-report food consumption, which could lead to overestimation of deficiency risks. Furthermore, estimates of deficiency risk based on supply do not account for potential inhibitors of Mg absorption, including calcium, phytic acid and oxalate, and do not consider household food wastage.

scholarly journals COVID-19 risk factors amongst 14,786 care home residents: An observational longitudinal analysis including daily community positive test rates of COVID-19, hospital stays, and vaccination status in Wales (UK) between 1st September 2020 and 1st May 2021.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Hollinghurst ◽  
Robyn Hollinghurst ◽  
Laura North ◽  
Amy Mizen ◽  
Ashley Akbari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Care Home ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
Care Homes ◽  
Positive Test ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Specialist Care ◽  
Individual Level

Objectives: Determine individual level risk factors for care home residents testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Study Design: Longitudinal observational cohort study using individual-level linked data. Setting: Care home residents in Wales (United Kingdom) between 1st September 2020 and 1st May 2021. Participants: 14,786 older care home residents (aged 65+). Our dataset consisted of 2,613,341 individual-level daily observations within 697 care homes. Methods: We estimated odds ratios (ORs [95% confidence interval]) using multilevel logistic regression models. Our outcome of interest was a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. We included time dependent covariates for the estimated community positive test rate of COVID-19, hospital admissions, and vaccination status. Additional covariates were included for age, positive PCR tests prior to the study, sex, frailty (using the hospital frailty risk score), and specialist care home services. Results: The multivariable logistic regression model indicated an increase in age (OR 1.01 [1.00,1.01] per year of age), community positive test rate (OR 1.13 [1.12,1.13] per percent increase in positive test rate), hospital inpatients (OR 7.40 [6.54,8.36]), and residents in care homes with non-specialist dementia care (OR 1.42 [1.01,1.99]) had an increased odds of a positive test. Having a positive test prior to the observation period (OR 0.58 [0.49,0.68]) and either one or two doses of a vaccine (0.21 [0.17,0.25] and 0.05 [0.02,0.09] respectively) were associated with a decreased odds of a positive test. Conclusions: Our findings suggest care providers need to stay vigilant despite the vaccination rollout, and extra precautions should be taken when caring for the most vulnerable. Furthermore, minimising potential COVID-19 infection for care home residents admitted to hospital should be prioritised.

scholarly journals A case of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) strain meningitis and ventriculitis following BCG vaccination

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihoko Furuichi ◽  
Fumi Mori ◽  
Yoji Uejima ◽  
Satoshi Sato ◽  
Jun Kurihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Bcg Vaccination

Hospital admissions and emergency department presentations for dental conditions indicate access to hospital, rather than poor access to dental health care in the community

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Yap ◽  
Mei-Ruu Kok ◽  
Soniya Nanda ◽  
Alistair Vickery ◽  
David Whyatt
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Dental Service ◽  
Dental Services ◽  
Service Accessibility ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Dental Conditions

High rates of dental-related potentially preventable hospitalisations are thought to reflect poor access to non-hospital dental services. The association between accessibility (geographic and financial) to non-hospital dentists and potentially preventable hospitalisations was examined in Western Australia. Areas with persistently high rates of dental-related potentially preventable hospitalisations and emergency department (ED) presentations were mapped. Statistical models examined factors associated with these events. Persistently high rates of dental-related potentially preventable hospitalisations were clustered in metropolitan areas that were socioeconomically advantaged and had more dentists per capita (RR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04–1.08) after adjusting for age, sex, socioeconomics, and Aboriginality. Persistently high rates of ED presentations were clustered in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas near metropolitan EDs and with fewer dentists per capita (RR 0.91, 0.88–0.94). A positive association between dental-related potentially preventable hospitalisations and poor (financial or geographic) access to dentists was not found. Rather, rates of such events were positively associated with socioeconomic advantage, plus greater access to hospitals and non-hospital dental services. Furthermore, ED presentations for dental conditions are inappropriate indicators of poor access to non-hospital dental services because of their relationship with hospital proximity. Health service planners and policymakers should pursue alternative indicators of dental service accessibility.

Work participation in spondyloarthritis across countries: analysis from the ASAS-COMOSPA study

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 1303-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Rodrigues Manica ◽  
Alexandre Sepriano ◽  
Sofia Ramiro ◽  
Fernando Pimentel Santos ◽  
Polina Putrik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Activity Impairment ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Asas Classification Criteria ◽  
Per Capita

ObjectivesTo explore the role of individual and country level socioeconomic (SE) factors on employment, absenteeism and presenteeism in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) across 22 countries worldwide.MethodsPatients with a clinical diagnosis of SpA fulfilling the ASAS classification criteria and in working age (≤65 years) from COMOSPA were included. Outcomes of interest were employment status, absenteeism and presenteeism, assessed by the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Specific General Health questionnaire. Three multivariable models were built (one per outcome) using mixed-effects binomial (for work status) or ordinal regressions (for absenteeism and presenteeism), with country as random effect. The contribution of SE factors at the individual-level (eg, gender, education, marital status) and country-level (healthcare expenditure (HCE) per capita, Human Development Index (HDI) and gross domestic product per capita) SE factors, independent of clinical factors, was assessed.ResultsIn total, 3114 patients with SpA were included of which 1943 (62%) were employed. Physical function and comorbidities were related to all work outcomes in expected directions and disease activity also with absenteeism and presenteeism. Higher education (OR 4.2 (95% CI 3.1 to 5.6)) or living in a country with higher HCE (OR 2.3 (1.5 to 3.6)) or HDI (OR 1.9 (1.2 to 3.3)) was positively associated with being employed. Higher disease activity was associated with higher odds for absenteeism (OR 1.5 (1.3 to 1.7)) and presenteeism (OR 2.1 (1.8 to 2.4)). No significant association between individual-level and country-level SE factors and absenteeism or presenteeism was found.ConclusionsHigher education level and higher country SE welfare are associated with a higher likelihood of keeping patients with SpA employed. Absenteeism and presenteeism are only associated with clinical but not with individual-level or country-level SE factors.

scholarly journals Impact of resilience on the improvement of depressive symptoms after cognitive therapies for depression in a sample of young adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Elizabeth Konradt ◽  
Taiane de Azevedo Cardoso ◽  
Thaíse Campos Mondin ◽  
Luciano Dias de Mattos Souza ◽  
Flavio Kapczinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Therapeutic Response ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Resilience Scale ◽  
Lower Severity ◽  
Weak Negative Correlation ◽  
Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale ◽  
Cognitive Therapies

Abstract Introduction Few studies have evaluated positive measures for therapeutic response. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of resilience on severity of depressive and anxious symptoms after brief cognitive psychotherapy for depression. Methods This was a clinical follow-up study nested in a randomized clinical trial of cognitive therapies. The Resilience Scale was applied at baseline. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were used at baseline, post-intervention, and at six-month follow-up. Results Sixty-one patients were assessed at baseline, post-intervention and at six-month follow-up. Resilience scores were significantly different between baseline and post-intervention assessments (p<0.001), as well as at baseline and at six-month follow-up (p<0.001). We observed a weak negative correlation between baseline resilience scores and HDRS scores at post-intervention (r=-0.295, p=0.015) and at six-month follow-up (r=-0.354, p=0.005). Furthermore, we observed a weak negative correlation between resilience scores and HARS scores at post-intervention (r=-0.292, p=0.016). Conclusion Subjects with higher resilience scores at baseline showed a lower severity of symptoms at post-intervention and at six-month follow-up.

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