scholarly journals A single exposure to altered auditory feedback causes observable sensorimotor adaptation in speech

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lana Hantzsch ◽  
Benjamin Parrell ◽  
Caroline A. Niziolek
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Sensorimotor Adaptation ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
Repetitive Exposure ◽  
Vowel Formants ◽  
And Control ◽  
Trial Participants

Sensory errors caused by perturbations to movement-related feedback induce two types of behavioral changes that oppose the perturbation: rapid compensation within a movement, as well as longer-term adaptation of subsequent movements. Although adaptation is hypothesized to occur whenever a sensory error is perceived (including after a single exposure to altered feedback), adaptation of articulatory movements in speech has only been observed after repetitive exposure to auditory perturbations, questioning both current theories of speech sensorimotor adaptation as well as the universality of more general theories of adaptation. Thus, positive evidence for the hypothesized single-exposure or 'one-shot' learning would provide critical support for current theories of speech sensorimotor learning and control and align adaptation in speech more closely with other motor domains. We measured one-shot learning in a large dataset in which participants were exposed to intermittent, unpredictable auditory perturbations to their vowel formants (the resonant frequencies of the vocal tract that distinguish between different vowels). On each trial, participants spoke a word out loud while their first formant was shifted up, shifted down, or remained unshifted. We examined whether the perturbation on a given trial affected speech on the subsequent, unperturbed trial. We found that participants adjusted their first formant in the opposite direction of the preceding shift, demonstrating that learning occurs even after a single auditory perturbation as predicted by current theories of sensorimotor adaptation. While adaptation and the preceding compensation responses were correlated, this was largely due to differences across individuals rather than within-participant variation from trial to trial. These findings are more consistent with theories that hypothesize adaptation is driven directly by updates to internal control models than those that suggest adaptation results from incorporation of feedback responses from previous productions.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND INTERNAL CONTROL FOR THE NATIONAL LAND SYSTEM OF THE USA

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-213
Author(s):  
Michael P. Schoderbek
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Governmental Accounting ◽  
Land System ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Control

This paper examines the early accounting practices that were used to administer the United States' national land system. These practices are of significance because they provide insights on early governmental accounting and they facilitated an orderly settlement of the western territories. The analysis focuses on the record-keeping and control practices that were developed to meet the provisions of the Land Act of 1800 and to account for land office transactions. These accounting procedures were extracted from the correspondence between the Department of the Treasury and the various land officers.

Intact Priming for Novel Perceptual Representations in Amnesia

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan B. Hamann ◽  
Larry R. Squire
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Perceptual Identification ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Perceptual Representations ◽  
The Creation ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

Recent studies have challenged the notion that priming for ostensibly novel stimuli such as pseudowords (REAB) reflects the creation of new representations. Priming for such stimuli could instead reflect the activation of familiar memory representations that are orthographically similar (READ) and/or the activation of subparts of stimuli (RE, EX, AR), which are familar because they occur commonly in English. We addressed this issue in three experiments that assessed perceptual identification priming and recognition memory for novel and familiar letter strings in amnesic patients and control subjects. Priming for words, pseudowords, and orthographically illegal nonwords was fully intact in the amnesic patients following a single exposure, whereas recognition memory was impaired for the same items. Thus, priming can occur for stimuli that are unlikely to have preexisting representations. Words and pseudowords exhibited twice as much priming as illegal nonwords, suggesting that activation may contribute to priming for words and wordlike stimuli. Additional results showed that priming for illegal nonwords resulted from the formation of new perceptual associations among the component letters of each nonword rather than the activation of individual letter representations. In summary, the results demonstrate that priming following a single exposure can depend on the creation of new perceptual representations and that such priming is independent of the brain structures essential for declarative memory.

scholarly journals ANALISIS INTERNAL CONTROL PENJUALAN PROPERTI PADA PT. CIPUTRA INTERNASIONAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desi Diyanti Palimbong ◽  
Herman Karamoy ◽  
Rudy J. Pusung
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Research Use ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Data Collection Method ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Sales Process ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
And Control

Sales is one of the important aspects for the continuity of the company, because of the company's sales earn profit, so the system and control is very important to control the sales activity. The purpose of this research is to analyze the internal control at PT. Ciputra International. Writing method in this research use Descriptive research with data collection method that is interview and observation directly. The results of this study are expected to assist and evaluate the company in the application of sales control procedures. Based on the results of research that the application of control at PT. Ciputra International has complied with generally accepted standards where authorization systems in the sales process become the main guidelines involving marketing, financial, legal, and corporate divisions that are closely interconnected so that the system will react dynamically if there is a change in the sales process. In such cases, the control of the sales process can be controlled effectively and efficiently in accordance with the provisions that become the company's procedure.Keywords: Internal Control and Sales.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN SISTEM PENGENDALIAN INTERN TERHADAP PEMBERIAN KREDIT PADA PT PEGADAIAN (PERSERO) UNIT PELAYANAN CABANG KALIWUNGU

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Arini Amalia Rahma ◽  
Siti Mutmainah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Control System ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Control Environment ◽  
Internal Control System ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
And Control

<em>Internal control is a process carried out by the company to provide adequate guarantees for achieving control objectives. The objective of this Research is to find out the current internal control system that is applied at PT Pegadaian (Persero) Kaliwungu Branch Service in the process of granting credit. The next objective is to identify whether the components of internal control applied are according to COSO. The data used are qualitative data, primary data, and secondary data. The methods of collecting data are interview, observation, and questionnaire. For writing the Research uses descriptive and exposition methods. There are five components of internal control according to the Committee of Sponsoring Organization (COSO), they are Control Environment, Risk Assessment, Control Activities, Information and Communication, and Monitoring. The results of the discussion in the Research shows that the application of the internal control system for granting credit at PT Pegadaian (Persero) Kaliwungu Branch Service is in accordance with COSO internal control component, but the Control Environment and Control Activities has not been fully implemented.</em>

scholarly journals DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM OF DOCUMENTATION OF THE ACCOUNTING OF THE GOODS AND THE EQUIPMENT OF THE OBJECTS OF THE HOTEL AND RESTAURANT FACILITY AS ONE OF THE ELEMENTS OF SAFETY OF TOURIST ACTIVITY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Maliuga ◽  
Nataliya Tereshchuk ◽  
Raisa Kozhukhivskа
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Organizational Support ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Office Work ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Business Transactions ◽  
Effective System ◽  
And Control ◽  
Relationship Of

The article discusses the process of designing office work in the field of accounting for goods and equipment of objects of hotel and restaurant facilities. It is noted that it is one of the elements in the safety of tourism activities and a necessary component of the competitiveness of any enterprise operating in market conditions. It is noted that inadequate information on all possible directions of movement of purchased and manufactured goods leads to ineffective management decisions and deterioration of the enterprise. Therefore, there is a need for effective design of the accounting of goods and equipment in their information support. This will ensure the consistency and relationship of indicators of accounting registers; will provide information of the required level of detail and generalization, to meet the needs of management. The complexity of the construction of the accounting process for the objects of the hotel and restaurant economy is highlighted for the purpose of effective accounting and successful management of stocks of goods. To improve organizational support and design an effective system for documenting the accounting of goods and equipment of objects, an analysis of the directions of movement of goods and business transactions that arise in their process was carried out; the composition of accounting and control objects was clarified. In the hotel and restaurant industry, there are three main groups of business transactions related to the movement of goods: the receipt of placement and disposal of goods. In general, the organization of accounting for goods at the enterprise also includes three main stages: methodological, technical and organizational. At the same time, at all stages it is important to have timely primary accounting and a clear procedure for organizing the compilation and processing of primary documents, which is called the schedule of documents. There is a need to reflect the system of record keeping of goods in the Order on the accounting policy of the enterprise and its design given the rationality of accounting and the effectiveness of internal control to meet the information needs of owners at all stages of movement of goods.

scholarly journals Relationship of indicators of socio-psychological adaptation and characteristics of personal self-determination in students with special needs

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 19016
Author(s):  
Julia Selivanova ◽  
Marina Konovalova ◽  
Elena Shchetinina
Keyword(s):  
Special Needs ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Psychological Adaptation ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Students With Special Needs ◽  
Self Acceptance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Relationship Of

The article examines the correlation between the indicators of social and psychological adaptation of students with special needs and the characteristics of their personal self-determination. The average indicators of the primary scales in the questionnaire of social and psychological adaptation of students with special needs were calculated. The study established positive interrelationships between adaptability and meaningful indicators of personal self-determination, such as orientation towards maximum involvement in activities and emotional richness of life, confidence in one's abilities and the possibility to control the events of one's life. Self-acceptance as a component of socio-psychological adaptation positively correlates to the target indicators of personal self-determination, such as the meaningfulness of life, the presence of a goal in life and satisfaction with the results of self-determination. Internal control positively correlates to satisfaction with the results of self-determination. External (in relation to the personality) control as a component of socio-psychological adaptation negatively correlates to the assessment of energy, involvement, internal control, risk-taking as ways to overcome life's problems, and also to current life as an emotionally intense period of life. Submissiveness as a component of socio-psychological adaptation is negatively interconnected with the idea of a person's ability to control everything that is happening. Escapism (avoiding problems) negatively correlates to living an emotionally rich life, active participation and control as ways to overcome difficulties.

scholarly journals Injection of ligand-free gold and silver nanoparticles into murine embryos does not impact pre-implantation development

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 677-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Taylor ◽  
Wiebke Garrels ◽  
Annette Barchanski ◽  
Svea Peterson ◽  
Laszlo Sajti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Gold And Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Free Gold ◽  
Ligand Free ◽  
Murine Embryos ◽  
And Control

Intended exposure to gold and silver nanoparticles has increased exponentially over the last decade and will continue to rise due to their use in biomedical applications. In particular, reprotoxicological aspects of these particles still need to be addressed so that the potential impacts of this development on human health can be reliably estimated. Therefore, in this study the toxicity of gold and silver nanoparticles on mammalian preimplantation development was assessed by injecting nanoparticles into one blastomere of murine 2 cell-embryos, while the sister blastomere served as an internal control. After treatment, embryos were cultured and embryo development up to the blastocyst stage was assessed. Development rates did not differ between microinjected and control groups (gold nanoparticles: 67.3%, silver nanoparticles: 61.5%, sham: 66.2%, handling control: 79.4%). Real-time PCR analysis of six developmentally important genes (BAX, BCL2L2, TP53, OCT4, NANOG, DNMT3A) did not reveal an influence on gene expression in blastocysts. Contrary to silver nanoparticles, exposure to comparable Ag+-ion concentrations resulted in an immediate arrest of embryo development. In conclusion, the results do not indicate any detrimental effect of colloidal gold or silver nanoparticles on the development of murine embryos.

scholarly journals Biomechanics and control of vocalization in a non-songbird

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (24) ◽  
pp. 691-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coen P.H Elemans ◽  
Riccardo Zaccarelli ◽  
Hanspeter Herzel
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Independent Control ◽  
Physiological Control ◽  
Streptopelia Risoria ◽  
Ring Dove ◽  
Key Innovation ◽  
Frequency Modulations ◽  
And Control

The neuromuscular control of vocalization in birds requires complicated and precisely coordinated motor control of the vocal organ (i.e. the syrinx), the respiratory system and upper vocal tract. The biomechanics of the syrinx is very complex and not well understood. In this paper, we aim to unravel the contribution of different control parameters in the coo of the ring dove ( Streptopelia risoria ) at the syrinx level. We designed and implemented a quantitative biomechanical syrinx model that is driven by physiological control parameters and includes a muscle model. Our simple nonlinear model reproduces the coo, including the inspiratory note, with remarkable accuracy and suggests that harmonic content of song can be controlled by the geometry and rest position of the syrinx. Furthermore, by systematically switching off the control parameters, we demonstrate how they affect amplitude and frequency modulations and generate new experimentally testable hypotheses. Our model suggests that independent control of amplitude and frequency seems not to be possible with the simple syringeal morphology of the ring dove. We speculate that songbirds evolved a syrinx design that uncouples the control of different sound parameters and allows for independent control. This evolutionary key innovation provides an additional explanation for the rapid diversification and speciation of the songbirds.

Behavioral Effects of Prenatal and Adult Exposure To Toxic Chemicals Found in Lake Ontario Fish: Two Methodological Approaches

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Daly ◽  
Thomas Darvill ◽  
Edward Lonky ◽  
Jacqueline Reihman ◽  
David Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Correlational Method ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control ◽  
Adult Exposure ◽  
To Receive

Two research approaches are described that were used to determine behavioral changes following a diet of Lake Ontario fish. Approach 1 involved the correlational method, in which human subjects voluntarily ate contaminated Lake Ontario fish. Demographic information, data on the amount of Lake Ontario fish consumed, and control variables were obtained during an interview. Respondents' behavior, as well as the behavior of their children, then was measured. Because subjects were not assigned randomly to eat or not eat Lake Ontario fish, other variables that might have influenced both consumption of fish and behavior had to be considered. Therefore, confounding variables were measured and their influence controlled for using statistical techniques. Approach 2 involved the experimental method using laboratory rats, where subjects were assigned randomly to receive a diet of environmentally contaminated Lake Ontario salmon, relatively uncontaminated Pacific Ocean salmon, or no salmon. Since the rats fed Lake Ontario salmon behaved differently than the other two groups on nine tasks, it was concluded that the contaminants in Lake Ontario salmon caused behavioral changes. Random assignment of subjects to groups eliminated competing explanations. If similar behavioral (e.g., emotional or cognitive) results were obtained using the two approaches, then the results utilizing rats probably could be generalized to humans, and the correlational results found in humans probably were due to a cause and effect relationship.

Applying the process approach in setting up the system of internal control in economic entities

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2313-2323
Author(s):  
Zhanna A. KEVORKOVA ◽  
Natal'ya G. SAPOZHNIKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Risk Identification ◽  
Process Approach ◽  
Control Practice ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
Internal Control System ◽  
Theoretical Generalization ◽  
And Control

Subject. The article addresses the organization and implementation of process approach when setting up a system of internal control of an economic entity, which ensures the management of effectiveness of divisions’ activities. Objectives. We aim at investigating the organization of the internal control system of an economic entity, based on its activities, accounting policies, classification of business processes, and risk identification. Methods. The study rests on methods of theoretical generalization, structural grouping, logical analysis, as well as the analysis of scientific and practical literature and accounting and control practice. Results. The analysis of practices revealed a number of problems in the implementation of the process approach in the accounting and control activities of economic entities, in particular, insufficient understanding and unpreparedness of management to implement the process approach, the lack of a system for regulating business processes, the lack of interconnection between the system of control indicators and the created business processes. It is advisable to divide the process of organizing the internal control system into a number of stages, i.e. the definition of activities, typology of business processes, risk identification, testing the internal control system’s quality. Conclusions. The introduction of the process approach in organizing an internal control system involves the systematization of information, depending on the nature of the business process, requiring permanent updating. The emergence of non-standard situations makes it necessary to adjust the boundaries of business processes. The resources of accounting business processes are personnel, software, equipment, and other infrastructure elements.

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