scholarly journals The Role of Low Molecular Weight Fungal Metabolites in Grapevine Trunk Disease Pathogenesis: Eutypa Dieback and Esca

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Perez-Gonzalez ◽  
Dana Sebestyen ◽  
Elsa Petit ◽  
Jody Jellison ◽  
Laura Mugnai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Enzymatic Catalysis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Eutypa Dieback ◽  
Trunk Diseases

Eutypa dieback and Esca are serious grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) caused by fungal consortia causing large economic losses in vineyards. Depending on the disease the species involved include Eutypa lata, Phaeoacremonium minimum, and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. There is a need to understand the complex pathogenesis mechanisms used by these fungi to develop treatments for the diseases they cause. Low molecular weight metabolites (LMW) are known to be involved in non-enzymatic oxygen radical generation in fungal degradation of wood by some Basidiomycota species, and as part of our work to explore the basis for fungal consortia pathogenesis, LMW metabolite involvement by the causal GTD fungi was explored. The GTD fungal pathogens examined, E. lata, P. minimum and P. chlamydospora, were found to produce low molecular weight iron binding metabolites that preferentially reduced iron or redox cycled to produce hydrogen peroxide. Uniquely, different LMW metabolites isolated from the GTD fungi promoted distinct chemistries that are important in a type of non-enzymatic catalysis known as chelator-mediated Fenton (CMF) reactions. CMF chemistry promoted by LMW metabolites from these fungi allowed for the generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals under conditions promoted by the fungi. We hypothesize that this new reported mechanism may help to explain the necrosis of woody grapevine tissue as a causal mechanism important in pathogenesis in these two grapevine trunk diseases.

scholarly journals Relationship Between the Xylem Anatomy of Grapevine Rootstocks and Their Susceptibility to Phaeoacremonium minimum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charis K. Ramsing ◽  
David Gramaje ◽  
Sara Mocholí ◽  
Javier Agustí ◽  
Félix Cabello Sáenz de Santa María ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Xylem Anatomy ◽  
Dna Concentration ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Stem Surface Area ◽  
Detrimental Impact

Fungal grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are some of the most pressing threats to grape production worldwide. While these diseases are associated with several fungal pathogens, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium minimum are important contributors to esca and Petri diseases. Recent research has linked grapevine xylem diameter with tolerance to Pa. chlamydospora in commercial rootstocks. In this study, we screen over 25 rootstocks for xylem characteristics and tolerance to both Pa. chlamydospora and Pm. minimum. Tolerance was measured by fungal incidence and DNA concentration (quantified via qPCR), while histological analyses were used to measure xylem characteristics, including xylem vessels diameter, density, and the proportion of the stem surface area covered by xylem vessels. Rootstocks were grouped into different classes based on xylem characteristics to assess the potential association between vasculature traits and pathogen tolerance. Our results revealed significant differences in all the analyzed xylem traits, and also in DNA concentration for both pathogens among the tested rootstocks. They corroborate the link between xylem vessels diameter and tolerance to Pa. chlamydospora. In Pm. minimum, the rootstocks with the widest xylem diameter proved the most susceptible. This relationship between vasculature development and pathogen tolerance has the potential to inform both cultivar choice and future rootstock breeding to reduce the detrimental impact of GTDs worldwide.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Natural Antifungal Compounds in Controlling Infection by Grapevine Trunk Disease Pathogens through Pruning Wounds

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (18) ◽  
pp. 6474-6483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebeca Cobos ◽  
Rosa María Mateos ◽  
José Manuel Álvarez-Pérez ◽  
Miguel Angel Olego ◽  
Silvia Sevillano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Chitosan Oligosaccharide ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Trunk Diseases

ABSTRACTGrapevine trunk fungal pathogens, such asDiplodia seriataandPhaeomoniella chlamydospora, can infect plants through pruning wounds. They cause grapevine trunk diseases and are involved in grapevine decline. Accordingly, the protection of pruning wounds is crucial for the management of grapevine trunk diseases. The efficacy of different natural antifungals in inhibiting the growth of several fungi causing grapevine trunk diseases was evaluatedin vitro. The fungi showing greaterin vitroefficacy were tested on autoclaved grape wood assays againstD. seriataandP. chlamydospora. Based on results from these assays, chitosan oligosaccharide, vanillin, and garlic extract were selected for further evaluation on pruning wounds inoculated withD. seriataandP. chlamydosporain field trials. A significant decrease in plant mortality was observed after 2 years of growth in the plants treated with the different natural antifungals compared to the mortality rate observed in infected plants that were not treated with antifungals. Also, the infection rate for the inoculated pathogens was significantly reduced in plants treated with the selected natural antifungals. Therefore, natural antifungals represent a promising alternative for disease control and could provide significant economic benefits for the grape-growing industry.

scholarly journals Grapevine Trunk Diseases: A Review of Fifteen Years of Trials for Their Control with Chemicals and Biocontrol Agents

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (7) ◽  
pp. 1189-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Mondello ◽  
Aurélie Songy ◽  
Enrico Battiston ◽  
Catia Pinto ◽  
Cindy Coppin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Eutypa Dieback ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Efficient Control ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
The Impact

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) represent one of the most important problems for viticulture worldwide. Beyond the original causes of this outbreak in some countries like France, the lack of efficient control protocols and the prohibition of using active ingredients such as sodium arsenite and benzimidazoles, until recently used to reduce the impact of some GTDs but deleterious for humans and the environment, have probably worsened the impact of the diseases, leading to increasing economic losses. Since 1990, searches have been made to find efficient tools to control GTDs, testing a wide range of active ingredients and biocontrol agents. This review provides readers with an overview of the results reported in the scientific literature over the last 15 years. In particular, the review focuses on the trials carried out applying chemicals or microorganisms to control Esca complex diseases, Botryosphaeria dieback, and Eutypa dieback, the most widespread GTDs.

scholarly journals Seasonal Susceptibility of Grapevine Pruning Wounds and Cane Colonization in Catalonia, Spain Following Artificial Infection with Diplodia seriata and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 1651-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina Elena ◽  
Jordi Luque
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Artificial Infection ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Made In

Diplodia seriata and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora are two fungal pathogens associated with grapevine trunk diseases worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the period during which grapevine pruning wounds remain susceptible to fungal infection and to describe the colonization of canes artificially inoculated with these pathogens. In the first experiment, pruning wounds made in either fall or winter were separately inoculated with each pathogen at different times after pruning. Wound susceptibility to both pathogens decreased as the period between pruning and inoculation increased, from high percentages recorded in the first inoculation round (D. seriata, 97.5% and P. chlamydospora, 75%) down to approximately 10% 12 weeks after pruning. Pruning wounds remained more susceptible to D. seriata after a late pruning in winter whereas no overall seasonal changes in wound susceptibility were detected for P. chlamydospora. In the second experiment, canes were pruned by leaving two different lengths between the top node and the pruning wound before inoculations. Pathogens were recovered at different incubation periods and from different sites along the canes to estimate fungal cane colonization. A longer pruned internode made cane colonization by P. chlamydospora difficult, as indicated by fungal recoveries lower than 10% at the lowest recovery site, whereas D. seriata was less inhibited.

scholarly journals Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 802
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Reveglia ◽  
Regina Billones-Baaijens ◽  
Jennifer Millera Millera Niem ◽  
Marco Masi ◽  
Alessio Cimmino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Protocatechuic Acid ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
One Year ◽  
Pathogen Dna

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are considered a serious problem to viticulture worldwide. Several GTD fungal pathogens produce phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that were hypothesized to migrate to the foliage where they cause distinct symptoms. The role of PMs in the expression of Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) symptoms in naturally infected and artificially inoculated wood using molecular and analytical chemistry techniques was investigated. Wood samples from field vines naturally infected with BD and one-year-old vines inoculated with Diplodia seriata, Spencermartinsia viticola and Dothiorella vidmadera were analysed by cultural isolations, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and targeted LC-MS/MS to detect three PMs: (R)-mellein, protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin. (R)-mellein was detected in symptomatic naturally infected wood and vines artificially inoculated with D. seriata but was absent in all non-symptomatic wood. The amount of (R)-mellein detected was correlated with the amount of pathogen DNA detected by qPCR. Protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin were absent in all inoculated wood samples. (R)-mellein may be produced by the pathogen during infection to break down the wood, however it was not translocated into other parts of the vine. The foliar symptoms previously reported in vineyards may be due to a combination of PMs produced and climatic and physiological factors that require further investigation.

scholarly journals Low-Molecular-Weight Metabolites Secreted by Paenibacillus larvae as Potential Virulence Factors of American Foulbrood

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (8) ◽  
pp. 2484-2492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedwig-Annabell Schild ◽  
Sebastian W. Fuchs ◽  
Helge B. Bode ◽  
Bernd Grünewald
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
American Foulbrood ◽  
Toxic Activity ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTThe spore-forming bacteriumPaenibacillus larvaecauses a severe and highly infective bee disease, American foulbrood (AFB). Despite the large economic losses induced by AFB, the virulence factors produced byP. larvaeare as yet unknown. To identify such virulence factors, we experimentally infected young, susceptible larvae of the honeybee,Apis mellifera carnica, with differentP. larvaeisolates. Honeybee larvae were rearedin vitroin 24-well plates in the laboratory after isolation from the brood comb. We identified genotype-specific differences in the etiopathology of AFB between the tested isolates ofP. larvae, which were revealed by differences in the median lethal times. Furthermore, we confirmed that extracts ofP. larvaecultures contain low-molecular-weight compounds, which are toxic to honeybee larvae. Our data indicate thatP. larvaesecretes metabolites into the medium with a potent honeybee toxic activity pointing to a novel pathogenic factor(s) ofP. larvae. Genome mining ofP. larvaesubsp.larvaeBRL-230010 led to the identification of several biosynthesis gene clusters putatively involved in natural product biosynthesis, highlighting the potential ofP. larvaeto produce such compounds.

scholarly journals Detection of Grapevine Fungal Trunk Pathogens on Pruning Shears and Evaluation of Their Potential for Spread of Infection

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 976-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Agustí-Brisach ◽  
M. León ◽  
J. García-Jiménez ◽  
J. Armengol
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Fungal Isolation ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Liquid Samples ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Spread Of Infection

Four vineyards visibly affected by trunk diseases were surveyed at pruning time in 2012 and 2013 in Spain, to determine whether pruning tools are capable of spreading grapevine trunk diseases from vine to vine. In each vineyard, pruning shears were regularly rinsed with sterile water, collecting liquid samples for analysis. Molecular detection of grapevine fungal trunk pathogens (GFTPs) was performed by nested polymerase chain reaction using specific primers to detect Botryosphaeriaceae spp. Eutypa lata, Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Phaeoacremonium spp., and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. All of these GFTPs, with the exception of E. lata, were detected in samples from the four vineyards, C. luteo-olivacea and Phaeoacremonium spp. being the most prevalent. Co-occurrence of two, three, or four different GFTPs from the same sample were found, the simultaneous detection of C. luteo-olivacea and Phaeoacremonium spp. being the most prevalent. In addition, fungal isolation from liquid samples in semiselective culture medium for C. luteo-olivacea, Phaeoacremonium spp., and P. chlamydospora was also performed but only C. luteo-olivacea was recovered from samples collected in three of four vineyards evaluated. Pruning shears artificially infested with suspensions of conidia or mycelial fragments of C. luteo-olivacea, Diplodia seriata, E. lata, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora were used to prune 1-year-old grapevine cuttings of ‘110 Richter’ rootstock. Successful fungal reisolation from the cuttings 4 months after pruning confirmed that infested pruning shears were able to infect them through pruning wounds. These results improve knowledge about the epidemiology of GFTPs and demonstrate the potential of inoculum present on pruning shears to infect grapevines.

scholarly journals Screening and modes of action of antagonistic bacteria to control the fungal pathogen Phaeomoniella chlamydospora involved in grapevine trunk diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 172-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rana Haidar ◽  
Jean Roudet ◽  
Olivier Bonnard ◽  
Marie Cécile Dufour ◽  
Marie France Corio-Costet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Antagonistic Bacteria ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Trunk Diseases

scholarly journals Arthropods Vector Grapevine Trunk Disease Pathogens

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 1063-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Moyo ◽  
E. Allsopp ◽  
F. Roets ◽  
L. Mostert ◽  
F. Halleen
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Inoculum Source ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Trunk Disease ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Disease ◽  
Trunk Diseases

Arthropod-mediated dispersal of pathogens is known in many cropping systems but has never been demonstrated for grapevine trunk disease pathogens. Arthropods from vineyards were screened for the presence of pathogens associated with Petri disease and esca using cultural and molecular techniques. The ability of the most abundant pathogen-carrying species to inoculate healthy grapevine vascular tissues was also determined. Millipedes and ants were allowed to associate with a DsRed- Express-transformed Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, after which they were exposed to freshly pruned healthy grapevines under controlled conditions and wounds were monitored for subsequent infection. In addition, the possibility of millipede excreta, commonly found on pruning wounds in the field, to act as inoculum source was determined. A diverse arthropod fauna was associated with declining grapevines and many of these carried trunk disease pathogens. However, spiders, the ant Crematogaster peringueyi, and the millipede Ommattoiulus moreleti were the most abundant pathogen carriers. The ant and millipede species fed on pruning wound sap and effectively transmitted trunk disease pathogens. Millipede excreta contained viable spores of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and may serve as an inoculum source. Numerous arthropods, including beneficial predators, are potential vectors of grapevine trunk disease pathogens. Our results highlight the need for an integrated approach, including targeted management of ants and millipedes at the time of pruning, to limit the spread of grapevine trunk diseases.

scholarly journals Fungal community associated with grapevine wood lesions in Lebanon

OENO One ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Elia Choueiri ◽  
Fouad Jreijiri ◽  
Paulette Chlela ◽  
Valérie Mayet ◽  
Gwénaelle Comont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Numerical Evaluation ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Esca Disease ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Micro Organisms

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: To detect and identify the cultivable microorganisms putatively associated with esca disease in representative Lebanese vineyards.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Two field surveys were conducted in Lebanon in 2005 and 2007 to study the fungal community associated with grapevine wood lesions. A total of 68 vines showing typical esca symptoms were randomly sampled in 17 vineyards and cross sections were obtained of cordons and trunks. The shape and type of inner necrosis and discoloration were examined and isolations were made from the symptomatic wood. Isolation results showed that inner necrosis and isolated fungi were similar to those previously found elsewhere, namely in Central Europe or Mediterranean countries. Additionally, three methods for numerical evaluation of micro-organisms found were compared.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Most fungal pathogens generally associated with grapevine trunk diseases were detected, of which the basidiomycete <em>Fomitiporia mediterranea</em> and species of the ascomycete family <em>Botryosphaeriaceae</em> were the most frequently encountered. Additionally, a large diversity of other wood colonizing micro-organisms was detected. The putative role of some of the obtained micro-organisms in the process of wood degradation related to esca disease is discussed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: This isolation study is presently the most completed that was carried out with grapevine wood samples collected in Lebanon. Besides, it is the first to provide isolation results based on a classification of inner necrosis in five categories and to compare three criteria for numerical evaluation. This study also tends to further highlight that <em>Botryosphaeriaceae</em> species are common wood inhabiting fungi that should be associated with esca.</p>

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