scholarly journals Simultaneous infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and influenza viruses abrogates clinical protection induced by live attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiphany Chrun ◽  
Emmanuel Atangana Maze ◽  
Eleni Vatzia ◽  
Veronica Martini ◽  
Basu Paudyal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Clinical Protection

The porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is responsible for significant economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus are major viral contributors to PRDC. Vaccines are cost-effective measures for controlling PRRS, however, their efficacy in the context of co-infections has been poorly investigated. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of PRRSV-2 and swine influenza H3N2 virus co-infection on the efficacy of PRRSV modified live virus (MLV) vaccination, which is widely used in the field. Following simultaneous challenge with contemporary PRRSV-2 and H3N2 field isolates, we found that the protective effect of PRRS MLV vaccination on clinical disease and pathology was abrogated, although viral load was unaffected and antibody responses were enhanced. In contrast, co-infection in non-immunized animals reduced PRRSV-2 viremia and H3N2 virus load in the upper respiratory tract and potentiated T cell responses against both PRRSV-2 and H3N2 in the lung. Further analysis suggested that an upregulation of inhibitory cytokines gene expression in the lungs of vaccinated pigs may have influenced responses to H3N2 and PRRSV-2. These findings provide important insights into the effect of viral co-infections on PRRS vaccine efficacy that may help identity more effective vaccination strategies against PRDC in the field.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Infection With Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome and Influenza Viruses Abrogates Clinical Protection Induced by Live Attenuated Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Vaccination

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiphany Chrun ◽  
Emmanuel A. Maze ◽  
Eleni Vatzia ◽  
Veronica Martini ◽  
Basudev Paudyal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Clinical Protection

The porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is responsible for significant economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus are major viral contributors to PRDC. Vaccines are cost-effective measures for controlling PRRS, however, their efficacy in the context of co-infections has been poorly investigated. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of PRRSV-2 and swine influenza H3N2 virus co-infection on the efficacy of PRRSV modified live virus (MLV) vaccination, which is widely used in the field. Following simultaneous challenge with contemporary PRRSV-2 and H3N2 field isolates, we found that the protective effect of PRRS MLV vaccination on clinical disease and pathology was abrogated, although viral load was unaffected and antibody responses were enhanced. In contrast, co-infection in non-immunized animals reduced PRRSV-2 viremia and H3N2 virus load in the upper respiratory tract and potentiated T cell responses against both PRRSV-2 and H3N2 in the lung. Further analysis suggested that an upregulation of inhibitory cytokines gene expression in the lungs of vaccinated pigs may have influenced responses to H3N2 and PRRSV-2. These findings provide important insights into the effect of viral co-infections on PRRS vaccine efficacy that may help identify more effective vaccination strategies against PRDC in the field.

scholarly journals Cellular Innate Immunity against PRRSV and Swine Influenza Viruses

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Crisci ◽  
Lorenzo Fraile ◽  
Maria Montoya
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Γδ T Cells ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a polymicrobial syndrome that results from a combination of infectious agents, such as environmental stressors, population size, management strategies, age, and genetics. PRDC results in reduced performance as well as increased mortality rates and production costs in the pig industry worldwide. This review focuses on the interactions of two enveloped RNA viruses—porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus (SwIV)—as major etiological agents that contribute to PRDC within the porcine cellular innate immunity during infection. The innate immune system of the porcine lung includes alveolar and parenchymal/interstitial macrophages, neutrophils (PMN), conventional dendritic cells (DC) and plasmacytoid DC, natural killer cells, and γδ T cells, thus the in vitro and in vivo interactions between those cells and PRRSV and SwIV are reviewed. Likewise, the few studies regarding PRRSV-SwIV co-infection are illustrated together with the different modulation mechanisms that are induced by the two viruses. Alterations in responses by natural killer (NK), PMN, or γδ T cells have not received much attention within the scientific community as their counterpart antigen-presenting cells and there are numerous gaps in the knowledge regarding the role of those cells in both infections. This review will help in paving the way for future directions in PRRSV and SwIV research and enhancing the understanding of the innate mechanisms that are involved during infection with these viruses.

scholarly journals Isolation of H3N2 Swine Influenza Virus in South Korea

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae S. Song ◽  
Jae Y. Lee ◽  
Jin S. Oh ◽  
Kwang S. Lyoo ◽  
Kyung J. Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Swine Population ◽  
Swine Herds

Swine influenza is a significant respiratory disease causing occasional reproductive problems in nïve swine herds. Although different subtypes of swine influenza virus (SIV) have been implicated in clinical outbreaks of swine influenza in Asian countries, no virus isolation has been made to identify SIV of subtypes other than the H1N1 subtype in the Korean swine population. In December 1998, an outbreak of acute respiratory disease was identified in a commercial swine farm located in the Kyunggi province of South Korea. A causative agent, which agglutinated rooster red blood cells, was detected from the lungs of 3 piglets from the index herd and was determined to be type A influenza virus using a commercial influenza virus typing kit. Hemagglutination activity (HA) of the isolates was completely inhibited by a swine antiserum against a recent US H3N2 SIV isolate (A/Sw/IA/41305/1998) but not by H1N1 swine antiserum (A/Sw/IA/1979). Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed all 3 isolates were H3 SIV subtypes. Sequence analysis of hemagglutinin gene PCR products supported the belief that the Korean H3 SIV isolates were genetically similar to the known mammalian H3 influenza viruses. This is the first report on a clinical outbreak of swine influenza caused by the H3N2 virus in Korea.

scholarly journals Outbreak of swine influenza in Argentina reveals a non-contemporary human H3N2 virus highly transmissible among pigs

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 2871-2878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier A. Cappuccio ◽  
Lindomar Pena ◽  
Marina Dibárbora ◽  
Agustina Rimondi ◽  
Pablo Piñeyro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Clinical Epidemiology ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
H3n2 Influenza

Sporadic outbreaks of human H3N2 influenza A virus (IAV) infections in swine populations have been reported in Asia, Europe and North America since 1970. In South America, serological surveys in pigs indicate that IAVs of the H3 and H1 subtypes are currently in circulation; however, neither virus isolation nor characterization has been reported. In November 2008, an outbreak of respiratory disease in pigs consistent with swine influenza virus (SIV) infection was detected in Argentina. The current study describes the clinical epidemiology, pathology, and molecular and biological characteristics of the virus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the virus isolate shared nucleotide identities of 96–98 % with H3N2 IAVs that circulated in humans from 2000 to 2003. Antigenically, sera from experimentally inoculated animals cross-reacted mainly with non-contemporary human-origin H3N2 influenza viruses. In an experimental infection in a commercial swine breed, the virus was of low virulence but was transmitted efficiently to contact pigs and caused severe disease when an infected animal acquired a secondary bacterial infection. This is the first report of a wholly human H3N2 IAV associated with clinical disease in pigs in South America. These studies highlight the importance of two-way transmission of IAVs and SIVs between pigs and humans, and call for enhanced influenza surveillance in the pig population worldwide.

Swine influenza vaccines: current status and future perspectives

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjun Ma ◽  
Jürgen A. Richt
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Swine Disease ◽  
And Control

AbstractSwine influenza is an important contagious disease in pigs caused by influenza A viruses. Although only three subtypes of influenza A viruses, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2, predominantly infect pigs worldwide, it is still a big challenge for vaccine manufacturers to produce efficacious vaccines for the prevention and control of swine influenza. Swine influenza viruses not only cause significant economic losses for the swine industry, but are also important zoonotic pathogens. Vaccination is still one of the most important and effective strategies to prevent and control influenza for both the animal and human population. In this review, we will discuss the current status of swine influenza worldwide as well as current and future options to control this economically important swine disease.

scholarly journals The Function of the PRRSV–Host Interactions and Their Effects on Viral Replication and Propagation in Antiviral Strategies

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 364
Author(s):  
Jun Ma ◽  
Lulu Ma ◽  
Meiting Yang ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Wenhai Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Host Interactions

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) affects the global swine industry and causes disastrous economic losses each year. The genome of PRRSV is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA of approximately 15 kb. The PRRSV replicates primarily in alveolar macrophages of pig lungs and lymphatic organs and causes reproductive problems in sows and respiratory symptoms in piglets. To date, studies on how PRRSV survives in the host, the host immune response against viral infections, and pathogenesis, have been reported. PRRSV vaccines have been developed, including inactive virus, modified live virus, attenuated live vaccine, DNA vaccine, and immune adjuvant vaccines. However, there are certain problems with the durability and effectiveness of the licensed vaccines. Moreover, the high variability and fast-evolving populations of this RNA virus challenge the design of PRRSV vaccines, and thus effective vaccines against PRRSV have not been developed successfully. As is well known, viruses interact with the host to escape the host’s immune response and then replicate and propagate in the host, which is the key to virus survival. Here, we review the complex network and the mechanism of PRRSV–host interactions in the processes of virus infection. It is critical to develop novel antiviral strategies against PRRSV by studying these host–virus interactions and structures to better understand the molecular mechanisms of PRRSV immune escape.

scholarly journals Bat influenza vectored NS1-truncated live vaccine protects pigs against heterologous virus challenge

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhwa Lee ◽  
Yonghai Li ◽  
Yuhao Li ◽  
A. Giselle Cino-Ozuna ◽  
Michael Duff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Live Vaccine ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractSwine influenza is an important disease for the swine industry. Currently used whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines can induce vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) in pigs when the vaccine strains mismatch with the infected viruses. Live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (LAIV) is effective to protect pigs against homologous and heterologous swine influenza virus infections without inducing VAERD, but has safety concerns due to potential reassortment with circulating viruses. Herein, we used a chimeric bat influenza Bat09:mH3mN2 virus, which contains both surface HA and NA gene open reading frames of the A/swine/Texas/4199-2/1998 (H3N2) and six internal genes from the novel bat H17N10 virus, to develop modified live-attenuated viruses (MLVs) as vaccine candidates which cannot reassort with canonical influenza A viruses by co-infection. Two attenuated MLV vaccine candidates including the virus that expresses a truncated NS1 (Bat09:mH3mN2-NS1-128, MLV1) or expresses both a truncated NS1 and the swine IL-18 (Bat09:mH3mN2-NS1-128-IL-18, MLV2) were generated and evaluated in pigs against a heterologous H3N2 virus using the WIV vaccineb as a control. Compared to the WIV vaccine, both MLV vaccines were able to reduce lesions and virus replication in lungs and limit nasal virus shedding without VAERD, also induced significantly higher levels of mucosal IgA response in lungs and significantly increased numbers of antigen-specific IFN-γ secreting cells against the challenge virus. However, no significant difference was observed in efficacy between the MLV1 and MLV2. These results indicate that bat influenza vectored MLV vaccines can be used as a safe live vaccine to prevent swine influenza.

scholarly journals Genotype patterns of contemporary reassorted H3N2 virus in US swine

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1236-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pravina Kitikoon ◽  
Martha I. Nelson ◽  
Mary Lea Killian ◽  
Tavis K. Anderson ◽  
Leo Koster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Specific Subset ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Genome Scale ◽  
Viral Isolates

To understand the evolution of swine-origin H3N2v influenza viruses that have infected 320 humans in the USA since August 2011, we performed a phylogenetic analysis at a whole genome scale of North American swine influenza viruses (n  =  200). All viral isolates evolved from the prototypical North American H3 cluster 4 (c4), with evidence for further diversification into subclusters. At least ten distinct reassorted H3N2/pandemic H1N1 (rH3N2p) genotypes were identified in swine. Genotype 1 (G1) was most frequently detected in swine and all human H3N2v viruses clustered within a single G1 clade. These data suggest that the genetic requirements for transmission to humans may be restricted to a specific subset of swine viruses. Mutations at putative antigenic sites as well as reduced serological cross-reactivity among the H3 subclusters suggest antigenic drift of these contemporary viruses.

scholarly journals Swine-Origin H1 Influenza Viruses Isolated from Humans Exhibit Sustained Infectivity in an Aerosol State

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna A. Pulit-Penaloza ◽  
Jessica A. Belser ◽  
Terrence M. Tumpey ◽  
Taronna R. Maines
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Aerosol State ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Enhanced Stability

ABSTRACT The relative importance of influenza virus transmission via aerosols is not fully understood, but experimental data suggest that aerosol transmission may represent a critical mode of influenza virus spread among humans. Decades ago, prototypical laboratory strains of influenza were shown to persist in aerosols; however, there is a paucity of data available covering currently circulating influenza viruses, which differ significantly from their predecessors. In this study, we evaluated the longevity of influenza viruses in aerosols generated in the laboratory. We selected a panel of H1 viruses that exhibit diverse transmission profiles in the ferret model, including four human isolates of swine origin (referred to as variant) and a seasonal strain. By measuring the ratio of viral RNA to infectious virus maintained in aerosols over time, we show that influenza viruses known to transmit efficiently through the air display enhanced stability in an aerosol state for prolonged periods compared to those viruses that do not transmit as efficiently. We then assessed whether H1 influenza virus was still capable of infecting and causing disease in ferrets after being aged in suspended aerosols. Ferrets exposed to very low levels of influenza virus (≤17 PFU) in aerosols aged for 15 or 30 min became infected, with five of six ferrets shedding virus in nasal washes at titers on par with ferrets who inhaled higher doses of unaged influenza virus. We describe here an underreported characteristic of influenza viruses, stability in aerosols, and make a direct connection to the role this characteristic plays in influenza transmission. IMPORTANCE Each time a swine influenza virus transmits to a human, it provides an opportunity for the virus to acquire adaptations needed for sustained human-to-human transmission. Here, we use aerobiology techniques to test the stability of swine-origin H1 subtype viruses in aerosols and evaluate their infectivity in ferrets. Our results show that highly transmissible influenza viruses display enhanced stability in an aerosol state compared to viruses that do not transmit as efficiently. Similar to human-adapted strains, swine-origin influenza viruses are infectious in ferrets at low doses even after prolonged suspension in the air. These data underscore the risk of airborne swine-origin influenza viruses and support the need for continued surveillance and refinement of innovative laboratory methods to investigate mammalian exposure to inhaled pathogens. Determination of the molecular markers that affect the longevity of airborne influenza viruses will improve our ability to quickly identify emerging strains that present the greatest threat to public health.

scholarly journals Mutations in the NS1 Protein of Swine Influenza Virus Impair Anti-Interferon Activity and Confer Attenuation in Pigs

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 7535-7543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Solórzano ◽  
Richard J. Webby ◽  
Kelly M. Lager ◽  
Bruce H. Janke ◽  
Adolfo García-Sastre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Ns1 Protein ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Virulence Attenuation

ABSTRACT It has been shown previously that the nonstructural protein NS1 of influenza virus is an alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) antagonist, both in vitro and in experimental animal model systems. However, evidence of this function in a natural host has not yet been obtained. Here we investigated the role of the NS1 protein in the virulence of a swine influenza virus (SIV) isolate in pigs by using reverse genetics. The virulent wild-type A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98 (TX/98) virus and various mutants encoding carboxy-truncated NS1 proteins were rescued. Growth properties of TX/98 viruses with mutated NS1, induction of IFN in tissue culture, and virulence-attenuation in pigs were analyzed and compared to those of the recombinant wild-type TX/98 virus. Our results indicate that deletions in the NS1 protein decrease the ability of the TX/98 virus to prevent IFN-α/β synthesis in pig cells. Moreover, all NS1 mutant viruses were attenuated in pigs, and this correlated with the amount of IFN-α/β induced in vitro. These data suggest that the NS1 protein of SIV is a virulence factor. Due to their attenuation, NS1-mutated swine influenza viruses might have a great potential as live attenuated vaccine candidates against SIV infections of pigs.

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