scholarly journals Impact of IgG isotype on the induction of antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis of HIV by human milk leukocytes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisa Fox ◽  
Xiaomei Liu ◽  
Susan Zolla-Pazner ◽  
Rebecca L Powell
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Igg Subclass ◽  
Similar Function ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Maternal Milk ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Milk Feeding

Approximately 100,000 mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) events of HIV via human milk feeding occur each year (1). However, only about 15% of infants milk-fed by untreated HIV+ mothers become infected, suggesting a protective effect of the milk itself (1, 2). Infants ingest 105-108 maternal leukocytes daily via milk, which remain functional beyond ingestion (3-9). Such function may be elicited by maternal milk antibody (Ab). Though IgA is dominant in milk, most HIV-specific milk Abs are of the IgG subclass, highlighting the importance of investigating the function of each IgG isotype in the milk context (10-16). Though Ab effector function mediated by the constant (Fc) domain via interaction with Fc Receptors (FcRs), such as Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), are critical in protecting against HIV infection, ADCP is largely unexplored as it relates to mitigation of MTCT (17-21). Presently we report the ADCP activity of milk leukocytes against HIV particles and immune complexes (ICs), using 57 unique samples from 34 women, elicited by IgG1/2/3/4 of monoclonal (m)Ab 246-D. Granulocyte ADCP of HIV was most potent compared to other phagocytes when elicited by IgG1/3/4. IgG1/3 activated granulocytes similarly, exhibiting 1.6x-4.4x greater activity compared to IgG2/4, and a preference for virus compared to ICs. Notably, CD16- monocyte ADCP of a given target were unaffected by isotype, and CD16+ monocytes were poorly stimulated by IgG1. IgG2/4 elicited potent IC ADCP, and in terms of total leukocyte IC ADCP, IgG4 and IgG3 exhibited similar function, with IgG4 eliciting 1.6x-2.1x greater activity compared to IgG1/IgG2, and CD16+ monocytes most stimulated by IgG2. These data contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of Fc-mediated functionality of milk leukocytes, which is critical in order to develop therapeutic approaches to eliminating this route of MTCT, including mucosal administration of mAbs and/or a maternal vaccination aimed to elicit a potent milk Ab response.

Secretory Anti-Giardia lamblia Antibodies in Human Milk: Protective Effect Against Diarrhea

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Juan N. Walterspiel ◽  
Ardythe L. Morrow ◽  
Larry K. Pickering ◽  
Guillermo M. Ruiz-Palacios ◽  
M. Lourdes Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Giardia Infection ◽  
Maternal Milk ◽  
Milk Samples

Objective. To determine whether anti-Giardia lamblia secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies in human milk protect infants from acquisition of or symptoms associated with Giardia infection. Methods. One hundred ninety-seven Mexican mother/infant pairs were followed weekly from birth for diarrheal disease and feeding status. Infant stool specimens were collected weekly and were cultured for bacterial pathogens and tested for Giardia and rotavirus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Maternal milk samples were collected weekly for 1 month postpartum and monthly thereafter. To determine the protective effect of anti-Giardia sIgA in milk against infection and against diarrhea due to Giardia, milk samples from mothers of infected infants and appropriately matched controls were assayed for anti-Giardia sIgA by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. Asymptomatic, infected infants ingested significantly (P = .046) higher amounts of milk anti-Giardia sIgA compared with symptomatic, infected infants. However, milk anti-Giardia sIgA concentrations did not differ between Giardia-infected and noninfected infants. Conclusion. The amount of anti-Giardia sIgA in human milk was associated with prevention of symptoms of diarrhea due to Giardia, but not with acquisition of the organism.

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV: developing integration of healthcare programmes with clinical, social and basic research studies

2003 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 1343-1348
Author(s):  
Menu E ◽  
Scarlatti G ◽  
Barré-Sinoussi F ◽  
Gray G ◽  
Bollinger B ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Research Studies

Community Based HIV Screening in Pregnant Women and Provision of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission Care in Rural Zambia

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Shilalukey Ngoma ◽  
Tepa Nkumbula ◽  
Wilbroad Mutale ◽  
Chabala Chishala ◽  
Reuben Mbewe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hiv Screening ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Rural Zambia ◽  
Mother To Child

Update in management of hepatitis B in pregnancy and prevention of mother to child hepatitis B transmission

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Naichaya Chamroonkul
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
World Population ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Mother To Child

Even with two decades of widespread using hepatitis B vaccination, chronic hepatitis B remains a major global health problem. In Thailand, the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection was down from 8 - 10% in last decade to 5% recently. Failure to control mother to child transmission is one of the important barriers to the total elimination of hepatitis B infection from world population. In the majority, vertical transmission can be prevented with a universal screening program, immunoprophylaxis by administration of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) for babies born to mothers with HBV. However, in mothers with a high viral load, the chance of immunoprophylaxis failure remains high. To date, there are standard recommendations by all international liver societies including AASLD, EASL and APASL suggest introducing an antiviral agent during the third trimester to CHB pregnant women with a high viral load. Previous US FDA pregnancy category B agents such as Tenofovir and Telbivudine are allowed through all trimesters of pregnancy and are effective for prevention of mother to child transmission. Breastfeeding for patients who receive antiviral agents can be allowed after a risk-benefit discussion with the patient and family.

CHICKENPOX AND ITS COMMON COMPLICATIONS

2017 ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Dinh Binh Tran ◽  
Thi Ai Liên Dinh
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Emergency Care ◽  
Benign Disease ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Chicken Pox ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Bacterial Superinfection

Chickenpox is an infectious disease caused by the Varicella-Zostervirus (VZV), this is a virus in the family of Herpesviridae. It’s characterized by fever, skin rash and mucocutaneous rash. Chickenpox is widely distributed disease with varying in age, seasons, climate, and resident of people . Mother-to-child transmission of the virus can occur during pregnancy, during delivery and after birth. In people who have had chickenpox, after the cure, a few viruses exist in the nerves sensing the spine in the form of latent, silent. When conditions are favorable (triggers) such as immunodeficiency, stress, radiation therapy, cancer, HIV infection ... the virus reacts, multiplies and spreads, causing inflammation and necrosis of the nerve in shingles (Zona). Chickenpox is a benign disease but it can also cause many complications in severe cases and which is not properly treated. Complications of dermatitis due to bacterial superinfection, the peanut note to pus, when cured can leave scar. In patients with severe malnutrition, nodules may be necrotic. The most severe complication is encephalitis, meningitis that are very dangerous, which can cause dead if delayed to hospital and emergency care is not timely. The disease can spread rapidly in the community, but there are active measures to prevent chicken pox, which is vaccination. Key words: Chickenpox, Varicella-Zostervirus (VZV)

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