scholarly journals Network analysis of England single parent household COVID-19 control policy impact; a proof-of-concept study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie L Edelman ◽  
Peter Simon ◽  
Jackie A Cassell ◽  
Istvan Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Infection Control Measure ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Single Parent ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Network Modelling ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
Survey Estimates ◽  
Combined Impact

Lockdowns have been a key infection control measure for many countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. In England first lockdown, children of single parent households (SPHs) were permitted to move between parental homes. By the second lockdown, SPH support bubbles between households were also permitted, enabling larger within-household networks. We investigated the combined impact of these approaches on household transmission dynamics, to inform policymaking for control and support mechanisms in a respiratory pandemic context. This network modelling study applied percolation theory to a base model of SPHs constructed with population survey estimates of SPH family size. To explore putative impact, varying estimates were applied regarding extent of bubbling and proportion of Different-parentage SPHs (DSPHs) (in which children do not share both the same parents). Results indicate that the formation of giant components (in which Covid-19 household transmission accelerates) are more contingent on DSPHs than on formation of bubbles between SPHs; and that bubbling with another SPH will accelerate giant component formation where one or both are DSPHs. Public health guidance should include supportive measures that mitigate the increased transmission risk afforded by support bubbling among DSPHs. Future network, mathematical and epidemiological studies should examine both independent and combined impact of policies.

scholarly journals INFECTION CONTROL PRACTICES

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1933-1936
Author(s):  
Imran Samejo ◽  
Gotam Das ◽  
Muhammad Haseeb Rana ◽  
Muhammad Waqar Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Infection Control Measure ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Laboratory Work ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Social ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Study Setting

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and infection control practices among private dental laboratories in Karachi. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Private Dental Laboratories of Karachi. Period: 01st September 2017 to 01st February 2018. Materials and Methods: A pre structured questionnaire comprised of 09 questions regarding infection control was used to collect the data. A total 35 questionnaires were given to dental technicians. 29 questionnaires were obtained out of 35 distributed (response rate: 83%). Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 was used for data analysis. Results: Gloves were not worn by 76% of respondents while receiving the clinical items. Protective eyeglasses and protective face shield were not worn by 38% and 13% of respondents respectively during laboratory work. Few 13% of respondents were vaccinated against the hepatitis b virus. Clinical items were disinfected by 17% of respondents if not disinfected by dental clinic. Laboratory work was not disinfected by 90% of respondents before sending to clinic. Pumice slurry and water of pressure pot were changed by 6% and 6% respectively. Regarding infection control measure impose financial burden, 83% of respondents were agreed. Conclusion: The knowledge and practices of infection control were poor and below acceptable standards in private dental laboratories.

scholarly journals Household Transmission of Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in Ontario, Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alainna J Jamal ◽  
Amna Faheem ◽  
Lubna Farooqi ◽  
Xi Zoe Zhong ◽  
Irene Armstrong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Direct Pcr ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
Admission Screening ◽  
Carbapenemase Gene ◽  
Risk Factor Data ◽  
Factor Data

Abstract Background Data on household transmission of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) remain limited. We studied risk of CPE household co-colonization and transmission in Ontario, Canada. Methods We enrolled CPE index cases (identified via population-based surveillance from January 2015 to October 2018) and their household contacts. At months 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12, participants provided rectal and groin swabs. Swabs were cultured for CPE until September 2017, when direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR; with culture of specimens if a carbapenemase gene was detected) replaced culture. CPE risk factor data were collected by interview and combined with isolate whole-genome sequencing to determine likelihood of household transmission. Risk factors for household contact colonization were explored using a multivariable logistic regression model with generalized estimating equations. Results Ninety-five households with 177 household contacts participated. Sixteen (9%) household contacts in 16 (17%) households were CPE-colonized. Household transmission was confirmed in 3/177 (2%) cases, probable in 2/177 (1%), possible in 9/177 (5%), and unlikely in 2/177 (1%). Household contacts were more likely to be colonized if they were the index case’s spouse (odds ratio [OR], 6.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–36.35), if their index case remained CPE-colonized at household enrollment (OR, 7.00; 95% CI, 1.92–25.49), or if they had at least 1 set of specimens processed after direct PCR was introduced (OR, 6.46; 95% CI, 1.52–27.40). Conclusions Nine percent of household contacts were CPE-colonized; 3% were a result of household transmission. Hospitals may consider admission screening for patients known to have CPE-colonized household contacts.

scholarly journals Modelling respiratory infection control measure effects

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. LIAO ◽  
S. C. CHEN ◽  
C. F. CHANG
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Infection Control Measure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Airborne Infection ◽  
Airborne Infections ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYOne of the most pressing issues in facing emerging and re-emerging respiratory infections is how to bring them under control with current public health measures. Approaches such as the Wells–Riley equation, competing-risks model, and Von Foerster equation are used to prioritize control-measure efforts. Here we formulate how to integrate those three different types of functional relationship to construct easy-to-use and easy-to-interpret critical-control lines that help determine optimally the intervention strategies for containing airborne infections. We show that a combination of assigned effective public health interventions and enhanced engineering control measures would have a high probability for containing airborne infection. We suggest that integrated analysis to enhance modelling the impact of potential control measures against airborne infections presents an opportunity to assess risks and benefits. We demonstrate the approach with examples of optimal control measures to prioritize respiratory infections of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza, measles, and chickenpox.

Occupational Hazards Among Clinical Dental Staff

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foluso John Owotade ◽  
Adebola Fasunioro
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Infection Control Measure ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Occupational Hazards ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Dental Staff

Abstract Although identification of risks to dental healthcare workers has been explored in several industrialized nations, very little data is available from developing countries. This paper examines the occupational hazards present in the dental environment and reports survey results concerning attitudes and activities of a group of Nigerian dental care providers. A survey on occupational hazards was conducted among the clinical dental staff at the Dental Hospital of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife in Osun State, Nigeria. Thirty eight of the forty staff responded, yielding a response rate of 95%. Subject ages ranged from 26 to 56 years with approximately 25% in the 31-46 year old bracket. All of the staff were aware of the occupational exposure to hazards, and the majority had attended seminars/workshops on the subject. Only five staff members (13.2%) owned a health insurance policy and 26 (68.4%) had been vaccinated against Hepatitis B infection. All dentists (24) had been vaccinated compared with only two non-dentists; this relationship was significant (p= 30.07, x2=0.000). Fourteen members of the clinical staff (36.8%) could recall a sharp injury in the past six months, and the majority (71.1%) had regular contact with dental amalgam. Wearing protective eye goggles was the least employed cross infection control measure, while backache was the most frequently experienced hazard in 47% of the subjects. The need for Hepatitis B vaccinations for all members of the staff was emphasized, and the enforcement of strict cross infection control measures was recommended. The physical activities and body positions that predispose workers to backaches were identified and staff education on the prevention of backaches was provided. Citation Fasunloro A, Owotade FJ. Occupational Hazards Among Clinical Dental Staff. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 May;(5)2:134-152.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Infection Control Measures in a Public Sector Dental Hospital of Peshawar

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdullah ◽  
Saira Afridi ◽  
Syed Imran Gillani
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Infection Control Measure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Dental Hospital

Objective:To evaluate infection control measure in a public sector dental hospital of Peshawar.Methodology:It was a cross sectional study conducted in Khyber college of Dentistry. Study subjects were Dental health care providers who were willing to participate in the study. A structured questionnaire was designed that included various categories of infection control. Data was entered into SPSS version 17. Descriptive statistics were applied and frequencies and percentages were obtained.Results:The results from the data shows that the overall score for the infection control standards were less than 50%. Among the various categories of infection control only personal hygiene standards showed good score (77.3%). Personal protective equipment score was adequate (61%) while hand hygiene score was inadequate (52%). The rest of the categories showed poor scores.Conclusion:The result of the study shows that majority of categories of infection control measures at Khyber college of Dentistry are inadequate or poor.

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Household Transmission Study of Cryptosporidium Shows that C. Hominis Infections are A Key Risk Factor for Spread.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caoimhe McKerr ◽  
Rachel M Chalmers ◽  
Kristin Elwin ◽  
Heather Jones ◽  
Roberto Vivancos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Infected People ◽  
North West ◽  
Household Transmission

Abstract BackgroundInfection with the Cryptosporidium parasite causes over 4,000 cases of diagnosed illness (cryptosporidiosis) in England and Wales each year. The incidence of sporadic disease has not been sufficiently established, and how frequently this arises from contact with other infected people is not well documented.This project aimed to explore potential transmission in the home and attempt to identify asymptomatic infections, which might play a role in transmission. Risk factors and characteristics associated with spread of infection in the home were described including any differences between Cryptosporidium species.MethodsThe study identified cryptosporidiosis cases from North West England and Wales over a year and invited them and their household to take part. Each household was sent a study pack containing study information and a questionnaire, and stool sample kits to provide samples from consenting household members. Cryptosporidium-positive stool samples, identified by immunofluorescence microscopy, were characterised using molecular methods to help describe any patterns of transmission. Characteristics of households with and without additional cases were described, and compared using odds ratios (OR) and a multivariable logistic regression identified independent risk factors for household transmission. Data collection ran for one year, beginning in September 2018 with an initial pilot phase. ResultsWe enrolled 128 index cases and their households.Additional illness occurred in over a quarter of homes, each reporting an average of two additional cases. The majority of these were undiagnosed and unreported to surveillance. This burden was even greater in households where the index case was infected with C. hominis versus C. parvum, or the index case was under five years old, with mums and siblings most at risk of secondary infection. Only having an index case of C. hominis was independently associated with transmission in the multivariable model (OR= 4.46; p=0.01).ConclusionsCryptosporidium was a considerable burden in the home. At-risk homes were those where the index was less than five years old and/or infected with C. hominis. Of particular risk were female caregivers and siblings. Hygiene advice should be specifically directed here.This work provides evidence for humans as sources of C. hominis infection and that person-person is a key pathway. We recommend that all stools submitted for the investigation of gastrointestinal pathogens are tested for Cryptosporidium to better capture cases, inclusion of speciation data in routine surveillance, and the consideration of specific clinical advice on prevention for high-risk homes.

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