scholarly journals The Biosynthetic Costs of Amino Acids at the Base of the Food Chain Determine Their Use in Higher-order Consumer Genomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Gómez Ortega ◽  
Sonika Tyagi ◽  
Christen Mirth ◽  
Matthew Piper
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Biomass Composition ◽  
Female Fecundity ◽  
Protein Size ◽  
Fitness Traits ◽  
Metabolic Costs ◽  
Dietary Nutrient

Dietary nutrient composition is essential for shaping important fitness traits and behaviours. Many organisms are protein limited and for Drosophila melanogaster, this limitation manifests at the level of the single most limiting essential Amino Acid (AA) in the diet. The identity of this AA and its effects on female fecundity is readily predictable by a procedure called exome matching in which the sum of AAs encoded by a consumer's exome is used to predict the relative proportion of AAs required in its diet. However, the exome matching calculation does not weight AA contributions to the overall profile by protein size or expression. Here we update the exome matching calculation to include these weightings. Surprisingly, although nearly half of the transcriptome is differentially expressed when comparing male and female flies, we found that creating transcriptome-weighted exome matched diets for each sex did not enhance their fecundity over that supported by exome matching alone. These data indicate that while organisms may require different amounts of dietary protein across conditions, the relative proportion of the constituent AAs remains constant. Interestingly, we also found remarkable conservation of exome matched AA profiles across taxa and that the composition of these profiles could be explained by the metabolic costs of microbial AA synthesis. Thus, it appears that bioenergetic constraints amongst autotrophs shape the relative proportion of AAs that are available across trophic levels and that that this constrains biomass composition.

scholarly journals Dietary Essential Amino Acid Restriction Promotes Hyperdipsia via Hepatic FGF21

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1469
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Rusu ◽  
Andrea Y. Chan ◽  
Mathias Heikenwalder ◽  
Oliver J. Müller ◽  
Adam J. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Fibroblast Growth ◽  
De Novo Biosynthesis ◽  
Dietary Requirements ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid

Prior studies have reported that dietary protein dilution (DPD) or amino acid dilution promotes heightened water intake (i.e., hyperdipsia) however, the exact dietary requirements and the mechanism responsible for this effect are still unknown. Here, we show that dietary amino acid (AA) restriction is sufficient and required to drive hyperdipsia during DPD. Our studies demonstrate that particularly dietary essential AA (EAA) restriction, but not non-EAA, is responsible for the hyperdipsic effect of total dietary AA restriction (DAR). Additionally, by using diets with varying amounts of individual EAA under constant total AA supply, we demonstrate that restriction of threonine (Thr) or tryptophan (Trp) is mandatory and sufficient for the effects of DAR on hyperdipsia and that liver-derived fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is required for this hyperdipsic effect. Strikingly, artificially introducing Thr de novo biosynthesis in hepatocytes reversed hyperdipsia during DAR. In summary, our results show that the DPD effects on hyperdipsia are induced by the deprivation of Thr and Trp, and in turn, via liver/hepatocyte-derived FGF21.

The metabolic regulation of fenofibrate is dependent on dietary protein content in male juveniles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 648-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ning ◽  
Y. Liu ◽  
W. Wang ◽  
Y. Li ◽  
L. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Dietary Nutrient

AbstractThe fenofibrate functions in mammals could be affected by many factors such as dietary nutrient levels and physiological status. However, this phenomenon has not been well studied in fish. The goal of our study was to investigate the effect of dietary protein contents on metabolic regulation of fenofibrate in Nile tilapia. An 8-week experiment was conducted to feed fish with four diets at two protein levels (28 and 38 %) with or without the supplementation of fenofibrate (200 mg/kg body weight per d). After the trial, the body morphometric parameters, plasma biochemical parameters and quantitative PCR data were examined. These results showed that fenofibrate significantly reduced the feeding intake and weight gain rate, increased the oxidative stress (increased plasma methane dicarboxylic aldehyde) and liver : body ratio (increased hepatosomatic index) in the low protein (LP)-fed fish. In contrast, fenofibrate exhibited a lipid-lowering (reduced hepatic lipid) effect and up-regulated the expressions of the genes related to lipid catabolism, transport and anabolic metabolism in the high protein (HP)-fed fish. The present study suggested that lipid-lowering effect of fenofibrate would be strengthened in the fish fed with the HP diet containing high energy, but in the fish fed with the LP diet containing low energy, the fenofibrate treatment would cause adverse effects for metabolism. Taking together, our study showed that the metabolic regulation of fenofibrate in Nile tilapia was dependent not only on feed energy content but also on dietary nutrient composition, such as dietary protein and/or lipid levels.

Heterosis for Viability, Fecundity, and Male Fertility in Drosophila melanogaster: Comparison of Mutational and Standing Variation

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 148 (3) ◽  
pp. 1171-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D Fry ◽  
Stefanie L Heinsohn ◽  
Trudy F C Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Male Fertility ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Female Fecundity ◽  
Standing Variation ◽  
Fitness Traits ◽  
Fertility Variation ◽  
Dominance Properties

Abstract If genetic variation for fitness traits in natural populations (“standing” variation) is maintained by recurrent mutation, then quantitative-genetic properties of standing variation should resemble those of newly arisen mutations. One well-known property of standing variation for fitness traits is inbreeding depression, with its converse of heterosis or hybrid vigor. We measured heterosis for three fitness traits, pre-adult viability, female fecundity, and male fertility, among a set of inbred Drosophilia melanogaster lines recently derived from the wild, and also among a set of lines that had been allowed to accumulate spontaneous mutations for over 200 generations. The inbred lines but not the mutation-accumulation (MA) lines showed heterosis for pre-adult viability. Both sets of lines showed heterosis for female fecundity, but heterosis for male fertility was weak or absent. Crosses among a subset of the MA lines showed that they were strongly differentiated for male fertility, with the differences inherited in autosomal fashion; the absence of heterosis for male fertility among the MA lines was therefore not caused by an absence of mutations affecting this trait. Crosses among the inbred lines also gave some, albeit equivocal, evidence for male fertility variation. The contrast between the results for female fecundity and those for male fertility suggests that mutations affecting different fitness traits may differ in their average dominance properties, and that such differences may be reflected in properties of standing variation. The strong differentiation among the MA lines in male fertility further suggests that mutations affecting this trait occur at a high rate.

scholarly journals Relationship between Dietary Protein or Essential Amino Acid Intake and Training-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy among Older Individuals

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi YOSHII ◽  
Koji SATO ◽  
Riki OGASAWARA ◽  
Toshiyuki KURIHARA ◽  
Takafumi HAMAOKA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Acid Intake ◽  
Amino Acid Intake ◽  
And Training

Essential amino acid restriction dictates the systemic metabolic response to dietary protein dilution

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Yann Yap ◽  
Patricia Rusu ◽  
Dieter Schmoll ◽  
Bente Kiens ◽  
Matthew Piper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Metabolic Response

scholarly journals An evaluation of the protein quality of some macedonian edible Boletaceae mushrooms

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Biljana Bauer Petrovska
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Biological Value

The nutritional quality of mushroom protein varies and is strongly affected by the relative proportion of each amino acid. Thus, the purpose of this study was to estimate the concentration of the amino acids present in mushroom proteins in order to evaluate the protein nutritional value. In this investigation fifteen field-collected mushroom samples of the Boletaceae family from various parts of Macedonia were included. After acid hydrolysis and pre-column derivatisation with phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) determination of seventeen amino acids was carried out by the HPLC method. Tryptophan was determined spectophotometrically in the alkaline hydrolysates. The dietary protein quality of the investigated mushrooms was evaluated by comparison of the essential amino acid content with the reference FAO/WHO pattern. Essential amino acids made up 47-75 % of all determined amino acids depending on the origin and the species of the fruit body. Lysine was the most often found limiting amino acid in the investigated mushrooms samples. The nutritional value of proteins calculated by biological value, protein ratio, chemical score and essential amino acid index was very high in the majority of mushrooms studied. The biological value of the mushroom protein varied from 51.3 to 78.9 %. Protein amino acids accounted for about 66.7 % of the total nitrogen, suggesting that a practical nitrogen to protein conversion factor for this Macedonian edible Boletaceae mushroom may be considered to be about 4.17 on average.

scholarly journals Functional feeding response of Nordic and Arctic krill on natural phytoplankton and zooplankton

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-252
Author(s):  
Jory Cabrol ◽  
Anaïs Fabre ◽  
Christian Nozais ◽  
Réjean Tremblay ◽  
Michel Starr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Feeding Response ◽  
Feeding Selectivity ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Metabolic Costs ◽  
Coexisting Species ◽  
Natural Phytoplankton ◽  
Natural Communities

Abstract Krill species play a pivotal role in energetic transfer from lower to upper trophic levels. However, functional feeding responses, which determine how food availability influences ingestion rates, are still not well defined for northern krill species. Here, we estimated and compared the functional feeding responses on natural communities of phytoplankton and mesozooplankton of two coexisting species, Meganyctiphanes norvegica and Thysanoessa raschii. We tested the influence of the presence of phytoplankton on the ingestion rate and the selectivity of both krill species when feeding on zooplankton prey. We performed a series of feeding experiments using increasing concentrations of natural phytoplankton (64 taxa; 2 to >50 μm) and mesozooplankton (28 taxa; ~100–2000 μm) assemblages and the latter in presence and absence of phytoplankton. Results revealed that both krill species exhibited a Holling type III feeding response on phytoplankton. However, T. raschii was able to exploit efficiently the highest phytoplankton concentrations. Our experiments highlighted that the presence of phytoplankton modified the functional feeding response on mesozooplankton preys of M. norvegica, but not that of T. raschii. Similarly, the presence of phytoplankton influenced the feeding selectivity on mesozooplankton preys, although both species showed contrasting selectivity patterns. In addition, we estimated the energy needs in relation to the daily rations. T. raschii satisfied its energy needs by feeding either on high phytoplankton concentrations or on low mesozooplankton densities, whereas M. norvegica did not cover its metabolic costs efficiently by feeding on phytoplankton only, even at high phytoplankton concentrations.

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