scholarly journals Changes Over Time in COVID-19 Vaccination Inequalities in Eight Large U.S. Cities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Michael Gaddis ◽  
Colleen M. Carey ◽  
Nicholas V DiRago
Keyword(s):  
Low Ses ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Disadvantaged Communities ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Socioeconomic Composition ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Community Disadvantage

We estimate the associations between community socioeconomic composition and changes in COVID-19 vaccination levels in eight large cities at three time points. Between March and April, low SES communities had significantly lower change in percent vaccinated than high SES communities. Between April and May, this difference was not significant. Thus, the large vaccination gap between communities during restricted vaccine eligibility did not narrow when eligibility opened up. The link between COVID-19 vaccination and community disadvantage may lead to a bifurcated recovery where advantaged communities move on from the pandemic more quickly while disadvantaged communities continue to suffer.

scholarly journals Hockey Concussion Education Project, Part 1. Susceptibility-weighted imaging study in male and female ice hockey players over a single season

2014 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 864-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl G. Helmer ◽  
Ofer Pasternak ◽  
Eli Fredman ◽  
Ronny I. Preciado ◽  
Inga K. Koerte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Susceptibility Weighted Imaging ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Female Subjects

Object Concussion, or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a commonly occurring sports-related injury, especially in contact sports such as hockey. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), which appear as small, hypointense lesions on T2*-weighted images, can result from TBI. The authors use susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) to automatically detect small hypointensities that may be subtle signs of chronic and acute damage due to both subconcussive and concussive injury. The goal was to investigate how the burden of these hypointensities changes over time, over a playing season, and postconcussion, in comparison with subjects who did not suffer a medically observed and diagnosed concussion. Methods Images were obtained in 45 university-level adult male and female ice hockey players before and after a single Canadian Interuniversity Sports season. In addition, 11 subjects (5 men and 6 women) underwent imaging at 72 hours, 2 weeks, and 2 months after concussion. To identify subtle changes in brain tissue and potential CMBs, nonvessel clusters of hypointensities on SWI were automatically identified, and a hypointensity burden index was calculated for all subjects at the beginning of the season (BOS), the end of the season (EOS), and at postconcussion time points (where applicable). Results A statistically significant increase in the hypointensity burden, relative to the BOS, was observed for male subjects with concussions at the 2-week postconcussion time point. A smaller, nonsignificant rise in the burden for female subjects with concussions was also observed within the same time period. There were no significant changes in burden for nonconcussed subjects of either sex between the BOS and EOS time points. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the burden between male and female subjects in the nonconcussed group at both the BOS and EOS time points, with males having a higher burden. Conclusions This method extends the utility of SWI from the enhancement and detection of larger (> 5 mm) CMBs, which are often observed in more severe cases of TBI, to cases involving smaller lesions in which visual detection of injury is difficult. The hypointensity burden metric proposed here shows statistically significant changes over time in the male subjects. A smaller, nonsignificant increase in the burden metric was observed in the female subjects.

scholarly journals Selecting the most appropriate time points to profile in high-throughput studies

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kleyman ◽  
Emre Sefer ◽  
Teodora Nicola ◽  
Celia Espinoza ◽  
Divya Chhabra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Combinatorial Problem ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Mouse Lung ◽  
Point Selection ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Biological systems are increasingly being studied by high throughput profiling of molecular data over time. Determining the set of time points to sample in studies that profile several different types of molecular data is still challenging. Here we present the Time Point Selection (TPS) method that solves this combinatorial problem in a principled and practical way. TPS utilizes expression data from a small set of genes sampled at a high rate. As we show by applying TPS to study mouse lung development, the points selected by TPS can be used to reconstruct an accurate representation for the expression values of the non selected points. Further, even though the selection is only based on gene expression, these points are also appropriate for representing a much larger set of protein, miRNA and DNA methylation changes over time. TPS can thus serve as a key design strategy for high throughput time series experiments. Supporting Website: www.sb.cs.cmu.edu/TPS

Modelling changes over time in a multivariate paired comparison: An application to window display design

2021 ◽  
pp. 1471082X2199567
Author(s):  
Alexandra Grand ◽  
Regina Dittrich
Keyword(s):  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Vocational Students ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Display Design ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Attribute Data ◽  
Window Displays ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

This article proposes an alternative method of making comparative judgements in multivariate paired comparisons (PCs) where judgements about change are made directly by comparing an object at two time points for each of a series of attributes. The application deals with the design of shop window displays where products should be arranged by teams of vocational students according to aesthetic principles (attributes). The photos of the students’ window displays at time 1 (before feedback) and at time 2 (after feedback) were compared by judging each attribute as to whether it was fulfilled better at time 1 or at time 2. An advantage of this PC approach over an alternative of a scoring system is the possibility to assess even subtle changes of various aspects of attractiveness, which cannot easily be measured using a score. To analyse these data, we used earlier work which developed both a multivariate PC pattern model for multi-attribute data and a PC model over time and defined a multivariate PC model of changes (MPCC). The model can be fitted as a non-standard Poisson log-linear model and provides estimates of change for the three attributes for time 2 and we were able to check for possible interaction effects between these attributes.

An Ambient-temperature Collection and Stabilization Device Performs Comparably to Flash-frozen Collection for Stool Metabolomics in Infants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sivapriya Ramamoorthy ◽  
Shira Levy ◽  
Masouma Mohamed ◽  
Alaa Abdelghani ◽  
Anne M Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Metabolomic Analysis ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: Stool metabolites provide essential insights into the function of the gut microbiome. The current gold standard for collection and storage of stool samples for metabolomics is flash-freezing at -80°C which can be inconvenient and expensive. Ambient temperature collection of stool is more practical, however no available methodologies adequately preserve the metabolomic profile of stool. A novel sampling kit (OMNImet.GUT; DNA Genotek, Inc.) was introduced for ambient temperature collection and stabilization of feces for metabolomics; we aimed to test the performance of this kit vs. flash-freezing.Methods: Stool collected from an infant’s diaper was divided into two aliquots: 1) flash-frozen and 2) stored in an OMNImet.GUT tube at ambient temperature for 3-4 days. Samples from the same infant were collected at 2 different time points to assess metabolite changes over time. Subsequently, all samples underwent metabolomic analysis by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: Paired fecal samples (flash-frozen and ambient temperature) from 16 infants were collected at 2 time points (n= 64 samples). Similar numbers of metabolites were detected in both the frozen and ambient temperature samples (1126 in frozen, 1107 in ambient temperature, 1064 shared between sample types). Metabolite abundances were strongly correlated between collection methods (median Spearman correlation Rs=0.785 across metabolites). Hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis showed that samples from the same individuals at a given time point clustered closely, regardless of the collection method. Repeat samples from the same individual were compared by paired t-test, separately for the frozen and OMNImet.GUT. The number of metabolites in each biochemical class that significantly changed (p<0.05) at timepoint 2 relative to timepoint 1 was similar in flash-frozen versus ambient temperature collection. Changes in microbiota modified metabolites over time were also consistent across both methodologies. Conclusion: Ambient temperature collection and stabilization of stool in the OMNImet.GUT device yielded comparable metabolomic results to flash freezing in terms of 1) the identity and abundance of detected biochemicals 2) the distinct metabolomic profiles of subjects and 3) the biochemical signature of microbiome development over time. This method potentially provides a more convenient, less expensive home collection option for stool metabolomic analysis.

scholarly journals Comparison of Intravascular Ultrasound and Quantitative Coronary Angiography for the Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease Progression

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 115 (14) ◽  
pp. 1851-1857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Berry ◽  
Philippe L. L’Allier ◽  
Jean Grégoire ◽  
Jacques Lespérance ◽  
Sylvie Levesque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Intravascular Ultrasound ◽  
Coronary Stenosis ◽  
Plaque Volume ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Atheroma Volume ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Background— The relative merits of quantitative coronary analysis (QCA) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) for the assessment of progression/regression in coronary artery disease are uncertain. To explore this subject further, we analyzed the angiographic and IVUS data derived from a contemporary clinical trial population. Methods and Results— We investigated the relationships between QCA and IVUS at single time points (n=525) and also for the changes over time (n=432). QCA and IVUS data underwent central laboratory analyses. Statistically significant correlations were observed between the QCA coronary artery score and the IVUS-derived lumen volume ( r =0.65, P <0.0001) and total vessel volume ( r =0.55, P <0.0001) and between the QCA cumulative coronary stenosis score and percent atheroma volume on IVUS ( r =0.32, P <0.0001) at baseline for matched segments. A similar pattern of correlations was observed for global (all segments) QCA-derived and single-vessel IVUS-derived data. There were statistically significant but weak correlations between the changes over time in lumen dimensions on QCA and IVUS ( P =0.005) and between the change in cumulative coronary stenosis score on QCA and percent atheroma volume on IVUS ( r =0.14, P =0.01). Nevertheless, patients with and without angiographic progression had changes in plaque volume on IVUS of 9.13 and 0.20 mm 3 , respectively ( P =0.028). Conclusions— QCA- and IVUS-derived measures of lumen dimensions are correlated at single time points and for changes over time. Although the change in percent atheroma volume is only weakly correlated with QCA changes as continuous variables, disease progression on QCA is associated with significant increases in plaque volume on IVUS compared with no angiographic progression.

scholarly journals Persistent beliefs: Political extremism predicts ideological stability over time

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1137-1149
Author(s):  
Maria V. Zwicker ◽  
Jan-Willem van Prooijen ◽  
André P. M. Krouwel
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Political Extremism ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Lower Standard ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Previous research suggests that political extremists have stronger convictions in their beliefs than moderates. The present research examines the relationship between political extremism and belief stability, defined as the extent to which people change their ideological beliefs over time. Studies 1 ( N = 397) and 2 ( N = 291) revealed that participants at the left and right extremes report more stable beliefs than political moderates. We then reanalyzed a longitudinal study that tracked actual ideological changes over time during a referendum (Study 3, N = 5812). Results indicated that for ideological orientation measured at three time points, politically extreme respondents had lower standard deviations—and hence, more stable ideologies over time—than moderates. Furthermore, the effect appeared more pronounced among people at the left than people at the right. We discuss implications of these insights for political extremism in society and the malleability of political ideology.

scholarly journals Who is the host of the host-associated microbiome? Colony-level dynamics overshadow individual-level characteristics in the fur microbiome of a social mammal, the Egyptian fruit-bat

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren kolodny ◽  
Maya Weinberg ◽  
Leah Reshef ◽  
Lee Harten ◽  
Abraham Hefetz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Biological Unit ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Colony Level

ABSTRACTIn the first longitudinal study of bat microbiomes, we find that unlike the pattern described in humans and other mammals, the prominent dynamics in Egyptian fruit bats’ fur microbiomes are those of change over time at the level of the colony as a whole. Thus, on average, a pair of fur microbiome samples from different individuals in the same colony collected on the same date are more similar to one another than a pair of samples from the same individual collected at different time points. This pattern suggests that the whole colony may be the appropriate biological unit for understanding some of the roles of the host microbiome in social bats’ ecology and evolution. This pattern of synchronized colony changes over time is also reflected in the profile of volatile compounds in the bats’ fur, but differs from the more individualized pattern found in the bats’ gut microbiome.

scholarly journals Equol production changes over time in pre-menopausal women

2011 ◽  
Vol 107 (8) ◽  
pp. 1201-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian A. Franke ◽  
Jennifer F. Lai ◽  
Ian Pagano ◽  
Yukiko Morimoto ◽  
Gertraud Maskarinec
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Washout Period ◽  
Present Finding ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Tandem Ms ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Equol (EQ) is a metabolite produced by gut bacteria through the chemical reduction of the soya isoflavone daidzein (DE), but only by 30–60 % of the population. EQ is believed to provide benefits derived from soya intake and its production is widely viewed as a relatively stable phenomenon. In a randomised, cross-over intervention with soya foods, seventy-nine pre-menopausal women were challenged with a high-soya and a low-soya diet each for 6 months, separated by a 1-month washout period. Overnight urine was collected at three time points during each diet period and analysed for DE and EQ by liquid chromatography tandem MS. Remaining an EQ producer (EP) or non-producer (NP) or changing towards an EP or NP was assessed using an EQ:DE ratio of ≥ 0·018 combined with a DE threshold of ≥ 2 nmol/mg creatinine as a cut-off point. We observed 19 and 24 % EP during the low-soya and high-soya diet periods, respectively, and found that 6–11 % of our subjects changed EQ status ‘within’ each study period (on an average of 1·2 times), while 16 % changed ‘between’ the two diet periods. The present finding challenges the widely held conviction that EQ production within an individual remains stable over time. The precise factors contributing to changes in EQ status, however, remain elusive and warrant further investigation.

scholarly journals An ambient-temperature storage and stabilization device performs comparably to flash-frozen collection for stool metabolomics in infants

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sivapriya Ramamoorthy ◽  
Shira Levy ◽  
Masouma Mohamed ◽  
Alaa Abdelghani ◽  
Anne M. Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Metabolomic Analysis ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Temperature Storage

Abstract Background Stool metabolites provide essential insights into the function of the gut microbiome. The current gold standard for storage of stool samples for metabolomics is flash-freezing at − 80 °C which can be inconvenient and expensive. Ambient temperature storage of stool is more practical, however no available methodologies adequately preserve the metabolomic profile of stool. A novel sampling kit (OMNImet.GUT; DNA Genotek, Inc.) was introduced for ambient temperature storage and stabilization of feces for metabolomics; we aimed to test the performance of this kit vs. flash-freezing. To do this stool was collected from an infant’s diaper was divided into two aliquots: 1) flash-frozen and 2) stored in an OMNImet.GUT tube at ambient temperature for 3–4 days. Samples from the same infant were collected at 2 different time points to assess metabolite changes over time. Subsequently, all samples underwent metabolomic analysis by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results Paired fecal samples (flash-frozen and ambient temperature) from 16 infants were collected at 2 time points (32 individual samples, 64 aliquots). Similar numbers of metabolites were detected in both the frozen and ambient temperature samples (1126 in frozen, 1107 in ambient temperature, 1064 shared between sample types). Metabolite abundances were strongly correlated between storage methods (median Spearman correlation Rs = 0.785 across metabolites). Hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis showed that samples from the same individuals at a given time point clustered closely, regardless of the storage method. Repeat samples from the same individual were compared by paired t-test, separately for the frozen and OMNImet.GUT. The number of metabolites in each biochemical class that significantly changed (p < 0.05) at timepoint 2 relative to timepoint 1 was similar in flash-frozen versus ambient temperature storage. Changes in microbiota modified metabolites over time were also consistent across both methodologies. Conclusion Ambient temperature storage and stabilization of stool in the OMNImet.GUT device yielded comparable metabolomic results to flash freezing in terms of 1) the identity and abundance of detected biochemicals 2) the distinct metabolomic profiles of subjects and 3) changes in metabolites over time that are plausibly microbiota-induced. This method potentially provides a more convenient, less expensive home collection and storage option for stool metabolomic analysis.

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