scholarly journals Mitochondrial control of microglial phagocytosis in Alzheimer’s disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren H. Fairley ◽  
Kei Onn Lai ◽  
Jia Hui Wong ◽  
Anselm Vincent Salvatore ◽  
Giuseppe D’Agostino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Translocator Protein ◽  
Hexokinase Ii ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarker ◽  
Microglial Phagocytosis ◽  
Metabolizing Enzyme

AbstractMicroglial phagocytosis is an energetically demanding process that plays a critical role in the removal of toxic aggregates of beta amyloid (Aβ) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent evidence indicates that metabolic programming may breakdown in microglia in AD, thereby disrupting this important protective function. The mechanisms coordinating mitochondrial metabolism to fuel phagocytosis in microglia remain poorly understood, however. Here we demonstrate that mitochondrial displacement of the glucose metabolizing enzyme, hexokinase-II (HK) regulates microglial metabolism and phagocytosis, and that deletion of the translocator protein (TSPO) inhibits this. TSPO is a PET-visible inflammatory biomarker and therapeutic target in AD, previously shown to regulate microglial metabolism via an unknown mechanism. Using RNAseq and proteomic analyses, we found TSPO function in the brain to be linked with the regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics, lipid metabolism and phagocytosis. In cultured microglia, TSPO deletion was associated with elevated mitochondrial recruitment of HK, which was associated with a switch to non-oxidative glucose metabolism, reduced mitochondrial energy production, lipid storage and impaired phagocytosis. Consistent with in vitro findings, TSPO expression was also associated with phagocytic microglia in both AD brain and AD mice. Conversely, TSPO deletion in AD mice reduced phagocytic microglia and exacerbated amyloid accumulation. Based on these findings we propose that microglial TSPO functions as an immunometabolic brake via regulation of mitochondrial HK recruitment, preventing hyperglycolysis and promoting phagocytosis in AD. Further, we demonstrate that targeting mitochondrial HK may offer a novel immunotherapeutic approach to promote microglial phagocytosis in AD.

scholarly journals Loss of ferroportin induces memory impairment by promoting ferroptosis in Alzheimer’s disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Dai Bao ◽  
Pei Pang ◽  
Xiao-Ting Zhou ◽  
Fan Hu ◽  
Wan Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Intracellular Iron

AbstractIron homeostasis disturbance has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and excess iron exacerbates oxidative damage and cognitive defects. Ferroptosis is a nonapoptotic form of cell death dependent upon intracellular iron. However, the involvement of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of AD remains elusive. Here, we report that ferroportin1 (Fpn), the only identified mammalian nonheme iron exporter, was downregulated in the brains of APPswe/PS1dE9 mice as an Alzheimer’s mouse model and Alzheimer’s patients. Genetic deletion of Fpn in principal neurons of the neocortex and hippocampus by breeding Fpnfl/fl mice with NEX-Cre mice led to AD-like hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits. Interestingly, the canonical morphological and molecular characteristics of ferroptosis were observed in both Fpnfl/fl/NEXcre and AD mice. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of ferroptosis-related RNA-seq data showed that the differentially expressed genes were highly enriched in gene sets associated with AD. Furthermore, administration of specific inhibitors of ferroptosis effectively reduced the neuronal death and memory impairments induced by Aβ aggregation in vitro and in vivo. In addition, restoring Fpn ameliorated ferroptosis and memory impairment in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Our study demonstrates the critical role of Fpn and ferroptosis in the progression of AD, thus provides promising therapeutic approaches for this disease.

scholarly journals N,N′-Diacetyl-p-phenylenediamine restores microglial phagocytosis and improves cognitive defects in Alzheimer’s disease transgenic mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (47) ◽  
pp. 23426-23436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Hee Park ◽  
Misun Lee ◽  
Geewoo Nam ◽  
Mingeun Kim ◽  
Juhye Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Microglial Phagocytosis ◽  
Cognitive Defects

As a central feature of neuroinflammation, microglial dysfunction has been increasingly considered a causative factor of neurodegeneration implicating an intertwined pathology with amyloidogenic proteins. Herein, we report the smallest synthetic molecule (N,N′-diacetyl-p-phenylenediamine [DAPPD]), simply composed of a benzene ring with 2 acetamide groups at the para position, known to date as a chemical reagent that is able to promote the phagocytic aptitude of microglia and subsequently ameliorate cognitive defects. Based on our mechanistic investigations in vitro and in vivo, 1) the capability of DAPPD to restore microglial phagocytosis is responsible for diminishing the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) species and significantly improving cognitive function in the brains of 2 types of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) transgenic mice, and 2) the rectification of microglial function by DAPPD is a result of its ability to suppress the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated proteins through its impact on the NF-κB pathway. Overall, our in vitro and in vivo investigations on efficacies and molecular-level mechanisms demonstrate the ability of DAPPD to regulate microglial function, suppress neuroinflammation, foster cerebral Aβ clearance, and attenuate cognitive deficits in AD transgenic mouse models. Discovery of such antineuroinflammatory compounds signifies the potential in discovering effective therapeutic molecules against AD-associated neurodegeneration.

Differential effect of intranasally administrated kinin B1 and B2 receptor antagonists in Alzheimer’s disease mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 397 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keren Asraf ◽  
Nofar Torika ◽  
Ella Roasso ◽  
Sigal Fleisher-Berkovich
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Kinin System ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Hoe 140

Abstract An Increasing body of evidence supports a critical role of brain inflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. A principal aspect of the brain immune response to inflammation is the activation of microglia. It has been shown that the kinin system is activated during brain inflammation and previously we demonstrated that bradykinin B1 receptor agonist reduced microglial activation in vitro. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of bradykinin B1 or B2 receptor antagonists on microglial release of pro-inflammatory factors in BV2 microglia. In vivo, we focused on the effects of intranasally given kinin antagonists on amyloid burden and microglia/macrophage marker expression in brains of 5X familial Alzheimer’s disease mice. The present data show that pharmacological antagonism of B1 receptor (R-715) but not B2 receptor (HOE-140) markedly increased nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor alpha release from BV2 microglial cells. We also showed that intranasal treatment with R-715 but not HOE-140 of Alzheimer’s mice enhanced amyloid beta burden and microglia/macrophages activation. Taken together, our data reveal a possible role for the bradykinin B1 receptor in neuroinflammation and in the control of Abeta accumulation in transgenic mice, possibly through regulation of glial cell responses.

scholarly journals Procyanidins Extracted from Lotus Seedpod Ameliorate Amyloid-β-Induced Toxicity in Rat Pheochromocytoma Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Huang ◽  
Peipei Yan ◽  
Taoping Sun ◽  
Xiaoxing Mo ◽  
Jiawei Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Pc12 Cells ◽  
Senile Plaque ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Bdnf Signaling ◽  
Lotus Seedpod

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by extracellular senile plaque deposits, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal apoptosis. Amyloid-β (Aβ) plays a critical role in AD that may cause oxidative stress and downregulation of CREB/BDNF signaling. Anti-Aβ effect has been discussed as a potential therapeutic strategy for AD. This study aimed to identify the amelioration of procyanidins extracted from lotus seedpod (LSPC) on Aβ-induced damage with associated pathways for AD treatment. Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells incubated with Aβ25–35 serve as an Aβ damage model to evaluate the effect of LSPC in vitro. Our findings illustrated that LSPC maintained the cellular morphology from deformation and reduced apoptosis rates of cells induced by Aβ25–35. The mechanisms of LSPC to protect cells from Aβ-induced damage were based on its regulation of oxidation index and activation of CREB/BDNF signaling, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element-binding (CREB), protein kinase B (also known as AKT), and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Of note, by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), several metabolites were detected to accumulate in vivo, part of which could take primary responsibility for the amelioration of Aβ-induced damage on PC12 cells. Taken together, our research elucidated the effect of LSPC on neuroprotection through anti-Aβ, indicating it as a potential pretreatment for Alzheimer’s disease.

scholarly journals Protection Induced By Ginsenoside Rb1 in Alzheimer’s Disease Model is Associated With Redressing The Neuronal Hyperexcitability Which is Regulated By Nav1.2 and Nav1.6

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
shan li ◽  
Min-Nan Lu ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Yun Yuan ◽  
Xiao-Min Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Ginsenoside Rb1 ◽  
Patch Clamp Recording

Abstract Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease showing multiple complex pathomechanism alterations, has affected the normal life of many old people. It is urgent to find an effective medicine for AD. Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) is the main component of panax notoginseng saponins, a famous Chinese herbal medicine, and is expected to be a useful drug in the treatment of AD. This study mainly explored the potential effects of Rb1 in model of AD in vivo and in vitro, and investigated the possible mechanisms. Materials and methods: We studied the neuroprotective effect of Rb1 in transgenic mouse animal model and cell AD model in vitro. The cognitive function of APP/PS1 mice was measured in Morris water maze and Novel Object Recognition. Electrophysiological patch clamp recording and electrophysiology were used to nerve excitability. Further, the expression of proteins of Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 were used by Western blot. Results: We found that Rb1 treatment significantly improved the cognitive and memory loss, and reversed the hyperexcitability by altering the expressions of Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 of APP/PS1 mice. Further, Rb1 improved the hyperexcitability induced by Aβ1-42-injured neurons, which might be associated with alteration of the expressions of Nav1.2 and Nav1.6. As we expect, Rb1 attenuated Aβ1-42-induced injury in primary neurons. Conclusion: Our data showed that Rb1 played a critical role in improvement of the cognitive deficit and abnormal excitability of AD by regulating Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 expressions. Thus, Rb1 shows protective effects on AD models and may be a potential candidate for AD treatment.

scholarly journals Detection of Alzheimer’s disease-related neuroinflammation by a PET ligand selective for glial versus vascular translocator protein

2021 ◽  
pp. 0271678X2199245
Author(s):  
Bin Ji ◽  
Maiko Ono ◽  
Tomoteru Yamasaki ◽  
Masayuki Fujinaga ◽  
Ming-Rong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Translocator Protein ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Mouse Modeling ◽  
Tspo Expression

A substantial and constitutive expression of translocator protein (TSPO) in cerebral blood vessels hampers the sensitive detection of neuroinflammation characterized by greatly induced TSPO expression in activated glia. Here, we conducted in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) and in vitro autoradiographic imaging of normal and TSPO-deficient mouse brains to compare the binding properties of 18F-FEBMP, a relatively novel TSPO radioligand developed for human studies based on its insensitivity to a common polymorphism, with 11C-PK11195, as well as other commonly used TSPO radioligands including 11C-PBR28, 11C-Ac5216 and 18F-FEDAA1106. TSPO in cerebral vessels of normal mice was found to provide a major binding site for 11C-PK11195, 11C-PBR28 and 18F-FEDAA1106, in contrast to no overt specific binding of 18F-FEBMP and 11C-Ac5216 to this vascular component. In addition, 18F-FEBMP yielded PET images of microglial TSPO with a higher contrast than 11C-PK11195 in a tau transgenic mouse modeling Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and allied neurodegenerative tauopathies. Moreover, TSPO expression examined by immunoblotting was significantly increased in AD brains compared with healthy controls, and was well correlated with the autoradiographic binding of 18F-FEBMP but not 11C-PK11195. Our findings support the potential advantage of comparatively glial TSPO-selective radioligands such as 18F-FEBMP for PET imaging of inflammatory glial cells.

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Potential and Antioxidant Activities of Five Cultivars of Rosa Damascena Mill. From Isparta, Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-359
Author(s):  
Shirin Tarbiat ◽  
Azize Simay Türütoğlu ◽  
Merve Ekingen
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Rosa Damascena ◽  
Free Radical Damage

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and impairment of language. Alzheimer's disease is strongly associated with oxidative stress and impairment in the cholinergic pathway, which results in decreased levels of acetylcholine in certain areas of the brain. Hence, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity has been recognized as an acceptable treatment against Alzheimer's disease. Nature provides an array of bioactive compounds, which may protect against free radical damage and inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity. This study compares the in vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of hydroalcoholic extracts of five cultivars of Rosa Damascena Mill. petals (R. damascena 'Bulgarica', R. damascena 'Faik', R. damascena 'Iranica', R. damascena 'Complex-635' and R. damascena 'Complex-637') from Isparta, Turkey. The antioxidant activities of the hydroalcoholic extracts were tested for ferric ion reduction and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The anti-acetylcholinesterase activity was also evaluated. All rose cultivars showed a high potency for scavenging free radical and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity. There was a significant correlation between antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Among cultivars, Complex-635 showed the highest inhibitory effect with an IC50 value of 3.92 µg/mL. Our results suggest that all these extracts may have the potential to treat Alzheimer's disease with Complex-635 showing more promise.

Natural Anti-inflammatory compounds as Drug candidates in Alzheimer’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reyaz Hassan Mir ◽  
Abdul Jalil Shah ◽  
Roohi Mohi-ud-din ◽  
Faheem Hyder Potoo ◽  
Mohd. Akbar Dar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Huperzine A ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative brain disorder characterized by memory impairment, dementia, oxidative stress in elderly people. Currently, only a few drugs are available in the market with various adverse effects. So to develop new drugs with protective action against the disease, research is turning to the identification of plant products as a remedy. Natural compounds with anti-inflammatory activity could be good candidates for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Phytochemicals including Curcumin, Resveratrol, Quercetin, Huperzine-A, Rosmarinic acid, genistein, obovatol, and Oxyresvertarol were reported molecules for the treatment of AD. Several alkaloids such as galantamine, oridonin, glaucocalyxin B, tetrandrine, berberine, anatabine have been shown anti-inflammatory effects in AD models in vitro as well as in-vivo. In conclusion, natural products from plants represent interesting candidates for the treatment of AD. This review highlights the potential of specific compounds from natural products along with their synthetic derivatives to counteract AD in the CNS.

In vivo Evaluation and Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment Outcome of siRNA Loaded Dual Targeting Drug Delivery System

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Zhichun Gu ◽  
Long Shen ◽  
Xianyan Liu ◽  
Houwen Lin
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Sirna Delivery ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation

Background: To deliver drugs to treat Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), nanoparticles should firstly penetrate through blood brain barrier, and then target neurons. Methods: Recently, we developed an Apo A-I and NL4 dual modified nanoparticle (ANNP) to deliver beta-amyloid converting enzyme 1 (BACE1) siRNA. Although promising in vitro results were obtained, the in vivo performance was not clear. Therefore, in this study, we further evaluated the in vivo neuroprotective effect and toxicity of the ANNP/siRNA. The ANNP/siRNA was 80.6 nm with good stability when incubated with serum. In vivo, the treatment with ANNP/siRNA significantly improves the spatial learning and memory of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice, as determined by mean escape latency, times of crossing the platform area during the 60 s swimming and the percentage of the distance in the target quadrant. Results and Conclusion: After the treatment, BACE1 RNA level of ANNP/siRNA group was greatly reduced, which contributed a good AD treatment outcome. Finally, after repeated administration, the ANNP/siRNA did not lead to significant change as observed by HE staining of main organs, suggesting the good biocompatibility of ANNP/siRNA. These results demonstrated that the ANNP was a good candidate for AD targeting siRNA delivery.

Drug Design of Inhibitors of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD): POM and DFT Analyses of Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of β-amino di-Carbonyl Derivatives

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 688-705
Author(s):  
Taibi Ben Hadda ◽  
Abdur Rauf ◽  
Hsaine Zgou ◽  
Fatma Sezer Senol ◽  
Ilkay Erdogan Orhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cholinesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Metal Accumulation ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Metal Chelation ◽  
Carbonyl Derivatives ◽  
Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Potential

Background:Since deficit of acetylcholine has been evidenced in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, cholinesterase inhibitors are currently the most specified drug category for the remediation of AD.Method:In the present study, 16 compounds (1-16) with dicarbonyl skeletons have been synthesized and tested for their inhibitory potential in vitro against AChE and BChE using ELISA microtiter plate assays at 100 μg/mL. Since metal accumulation is related to AD, the compounds were also tested for their metal-chelation capacity.Results and Conclusion:All the investigated dicarbonyl compounds exerted none or lower than 30% inhibition against both cholinesterases, whereas compounds 2, 8 and 11 showed 37, 42, 41% of inhibition towards BChE, being the most active. The highest metal-chelation capacity was observed with compound 8 (53.58 ± 2.06%). POM and DFT analyses are in good harmonization with experimental data.

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