scholarly journals Effects of diversifying the planting period of maize on herbivorous and their natural enemies

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma María Clemente-Orta ◽  
Hugo Alejandro Álvarez ◽  
Filipe Madeira ◽  
Ramon Albajes
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Predatory Insects

Knowledge of the specific insect densities during crop development is necessary to perform appropriate measures for the control of insect pests and to minimize yield losses. In a previous study, both spatial and temporal approaches were adopted to analyse the influence of landscape structure and field variables on herbivore and predatory insects on maize. Both types of variables influenced insect abundance, but the highest effect was found with maize phenology. Given that the field planting date could modulate the influence produced by the structure of the landscape on herbivores and predatory insects, analyses of population dynamics must be performed at both the local and landscape levels. The anterior prompted us to study these aspects in the two common planting periods (early and late) in northern Spain. The present study tests the hypothesis that the period of maize planting could have a higher effect than phenology or interannual variation on the abundance of natural enemies and herbivores on maize. Our results showed that only the abundances of other herbivore thrips and Syrphidae were significantly different between the two planting periods. Moreover, we found significant effects of planting period when we performed yearly analysis in 2015 for Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae and in 2016 and 2017 for Aeolothrips sp. Most of the taxa had abundance peaks in earlier growth stages, which are related to pollination (before or during), while only Stethorus punctillum and Syrphidae increased later in the season. Furthermore, Frankliniella occidentalis, aphids, Syrphidae and Coccinellidae registered higher abundances in fields sown in the late planting period than in the rest of the insect species. The results of the present study highlight the effects of sowing dates on insect dynamics in maize.

scholarly journals Effect of sowing dates on the populations of three major insect pests and associated natural enemies throughout the growth stages of maize plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (3 - Ahead of print) ◽  
pp. 130-144
Author(s):  
Hamdy H. Mahmoud ◽  
Soheir F. Abd El-Rahman ◽  
Magda H. Naroz ◽  
Sayeda S. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Formation Stage ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Sesamia Cretica ◽  
Maize Plants

In Egypt, maize is an important crop that is attacked by various pests. In the present study, the effect of maize planting dates on the populations of insect pests and their natural enemies were investigated throughout the growth stages of maize plants. The maize planting dates were at the beginning of May, Jun, and July in the 2019 season and were repeated in the 2020 season. Samples were collected weekly to determine the populations of the insect pests, Limothrips cerealium (Haliday, 1836), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch, 1856), and Sesamia cretica Lederer, 1857 and their natural predators. For the first sowing date, the infestation percentage of L. cerealium and S. cretica were most substantial, especially in the seedling and precorn formation stages. For the third sowing date, the number of R. maidis was most substantial, especially in the corn formation stage. Three predators were associated with these insect species; of these predators, Coccinella undecimpunctata (Linnaeus, 1758), Scymnus interruptus (Goeze, 1777), and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) were observed at the highest numbers during all sowing dates. A highly significant correlation existed between populations of S. interruptus and the three insects across the two seasons. Data suggest that the percentage of thrips, aphids, and stem borers infestations can be minimized by planting maize varieties in June.

scholarly journals Seasonal Phenology of the Major Insect Pests of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and Their Natural Enemies in a Traditional Zone and Two New Production Zones of Peru

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 644
Author(s):  
Luis Cruces ◽  
Eduardo de la Peña ◽  
Patrick De Clercq
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
New Production ◽  
San Lorenzo ◽  
The Andes

Over the last decade, the sown area of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has been increasingly expanding in Peru, and new production fields have emerged, stretching from the Andes to coastal areas. The fields at low altitudes have the potential to produce higher yields than those in the highlands. This study investigated the occurrence of insect pests and the natural enemies of quinoa in a traditional production zone, San Lorenzo (in the Andes), and in two new zones at lower altitudes, La Molina (on the coast) and Majes (in the “Maritime Yunga” ecoregion), by plant sampling and pitfall trapping. Our data indicated that the pest pressure in quinoa was higher at lower elevations than in the highlands. The major insect pest infesting quinoa at high densities in San Lorenzo was Eurysacca melanocampta; in La Molina, the major pests were E. melanocampta, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Liriomyza huidobrensis; and in Majes, Frankliniella occidentalis was the most abundant pest. The natural enemy complex played an important role in controlling M. euphorbiae and L. huidobrensis by preventing pest resurgence. The findings of this study may assist quinoa producers (from the Andes and from regions at lower altitudes) in establishing better farming practices in the framework of integrated pest management.

scholarly journals Population dynamics of stem fly and defoliator pests of soybean and their natural enemies in relation to weather parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (AAEBSSD) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
R. Bala Muralidhar Naik ◽  
K. Vijaya Lakshmi ◽  
M. Venkataiah ◽  
C. Srinivas ◽  
G. Uma Devi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Peak Activity ◽  
Lepidopteran Insect ◽  
Weather Parameters ◽  
Lepidopteran Pest ◽  
Tobacco Caterpillar

The field experiment was carried out at Polasa Farm, Regional agricultural research station Jagtial during the Kharif, 2014-15 and 2015-16. Study about pre dominant lepidopteran insect –pests in soybean crop noticed that the tobacco cut worm, (Spodptera exigua Hubner), green semi looper(Crysodexis acuta Walker), and tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura Fab) along with stemfly, (Melanagromyza obtusa Zehnter) as non lepidopteran pest were noticed at various growth stages of cropgrowth. The peak activity of stem fly (37.84%) was observed during 37th standard week per meter row) for the year 2014 and for the year 2015 to a maximum infestation of 35.70 per cent during 30th std.week. The peak activity of caterpillar pests i.e., S. litura (7.6 larvae per meter row) for the year 2014 was observed during 34th std.week and for the year 2015 (12.4 per meter row during 36th std.week and C. acuta (0.7 larvae per meter row) during 36th std. week for the year 2014 and for the year 2015 (2.20 larvae/mrl on 37th std week. S. exigua (1.6 larvae per meter row) for both the years 2014 and 2015 was observed during 32th std.week Among the natural enemies, one predators namely, spiders (Oxyopes sp. was observed to prey on the insect pests.The biocontrol agent’s one species, lynx spider, Oxyopes sp. population recorded on the crop during Kharif , 2014 ranged from 0.15 to 0.40 /mrl and 0.15 to 0.60/ mrl during Kharif, 2015.

scholarly journals Abundance of arthropod insect pests and natural enemies in rice field as influenced by rice growth stages and neighboring crops

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-319
Author(s):  
P Mukherjee ◽  
MMH Khan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Ground Beetle ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Rice Growth ◽  
Rice Bug ◽  
Tree Habitat

Studies were conducted to record the abundance of arthropod insect pests and natural enemies in rice fields as influenced by rice growth stages and neighboring crops at the experimental farm of Patuakhali Science and Technology University (PSTU), Dumki, Patuakhali during 2012 in Boro rice season following randomized complete block design. Results indicated that rice-tree habitat showed the highest abundance of leafhoppers (100.75) followed by cricket (16.50), grasshoppers (15.25) and stink bugs (15.25). The lowest abundance of all insect pests was in rice-sesame habitat. No significant differences were found on the abundance of rice bug, rice hispa and stem borer populations. At seedling stage, the highest abundance of leafhopper (94.25) was recorded followed by grasshopper (47.00) and stink bug (26.50) while the lowest was stem borer (0.57) and rice hispa (6.00). At early tillering stage, maximum number of grasshopper (17.25) was recorded followed by cricket (7.00). At maximum tillering stage, the highest abundance of leafhoppers (122.5) was obtained followed by rice bug (62.00) and the lowest was the stink bug (7.00). At panical initiation stage, the highest abundance of rice bug (334.00) was recorded which was followed by leafhoppers (65.25) and the lowest was the cricket (15.75). No population of rice hispa and stem borer was recorded at maximum tillering and panical initiation stages. In case of natural enemies, the highest abundance of lady bird beetle (45.27) and damselfly (16.73) was found in rice-rice habitat. The highest abundance of ichneumonid wasp (57.53) was in rice-tree habitat and ground beetle (28.80) was in rice-sesame habitat. No significant differences were observed on the abundance of dragonfly, spider and dipteran fly among different habitats. Among different growth stages of rice plant, significantly the highest abundance of lady bird beetle was recorded at maximum tillering stage. The highest abundance of ichneumonid wasp and ground beetle was recorded at seedling stage. The highest abundance of damselfly, spider and dipteran fly was at early tillering stage. No significant difference was observed on the abundance of dragonfly among different rice growth stages.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 42(2): 309-319, June 2017

scholarly journals Diversity of insect pests and natural enemies as influenced by growth stages and pest management practices in rice

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-470
Author(s):  
MA Bakar ◽  
MMH Khan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Growth Stages

In order to measure the diversity of insect pests and natural enemies in rice ecosystem, the present study was conducted in the research farm of Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali during the period from January to June, 2012 in boro rice season. Diversity indices of insect pests and their natural enemies were found to be affected by the combined effect of rice growth stages and management practices. Diversity indices of insect pests and their natural enemies differed according to treatments and crop growth stages. In case of insect pests, the untreated control treatment showed the highest diversity index (1.67) at maximum tillering stage and spray (Bipolar 55EC @ 10 ml/10 L of water) + perching at early tillering stage also showed highest richness (26.14) and the highest evenness (0.921) in spray at seedling stage. The highest reciprocal form of Berger-Parker's Dominance index (D) was found in untreated control at maximum tillering stage (3.03) for insect pests. In case of natural enemies, perching showed the highest diversity index (1.88) at reproductive stage. Spraying of insecticide at early tillering stage also showed highest richness (5.06) and the highest evenness (0.982) was in perching at seedling stage. The highest D value was found in perching at reproductive stage (4.67) for natural enemies.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(3): 461-470, September 2016

scholarly journals Weed Interference and Control in Cowpea Production: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Adewale Osipitan
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Weed Removal

In spite of the great economic potential of cowpea as both domestic and commercial crop, a number of constraints, which include insect pests, diseases and weeds, limits its production in West and many parts of Africa. Weeds reduced cowpea yield and value by competing for light, water and nutrients. Cowpea suffers from weeds particularly when the crop is in the early growth stages before ground cover. Yield losses cause by weeds alone in cowpea production can be as high as 76% depending on the cowpea cultivar, environment and weed management practices. A timely weed removal at the critical period, which falls within the first 40 days of cowpea growth, would help to prevent an unacceptable yield. Weed management in cowpea has been with low technology. Hand weeding is the most widely used weed control method in cowpea but they are usually expensive and labour intensive. Cultural practices such as narrow row spacing and planting of early maturing varieties are also used for weed control in cowpea. Herbicides, which are relatively easy to use and less expensive, have not been widely adopted for weed control in cowpea. There are limited number of selective herbicides with wide spectrum for weed control in cowpea. However, an integrated practices that involved pre-emergence weed control using herbicides or physical weeding, and a supplementary weed removal that would ensure weed control up to 40 days after cowpea emergence could substantially prevent yield losses associated with weed interference.

scholarly journals Infestation and Yield Losses Due to Sesame Webworm (Antigastra catalaunalis, (Duponchel) on Different Sesame Varieties in Western Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Zerabruk Geremedhin ◽  
Ferdu Azerefegne
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Sesame Seed ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Significant Difference

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is the most important oilseed crop in Ethiopia. It is basically grown during the summer season in different regions of the country and produced mainly in the northern and northwestern lowlands of Ethiopia. The production of sesame is low because of insect pests such as sesame webworm, sesame seed bug and gall midge. Among these pests, sesame webworm is one of the most important insect pests and it attacks the crop at all growth stages and causes a significant yield loss. Therefore, the present study was aimed to assess the infestation and avoidable yield losses of sesame due to sesame webworm on different released sesame varieties at field conditions. A field experiment was conducted to assess the infestation and yield losses with respective cost-benefit of nine released sesame varieties to sesame webworm in paired plots (treated with Diazinon 60% EC and untreated) in RCBD with three replications in 2016 production year. There was a significant difference (p<0.001) between the protected and unprotected plots of each variety in leaf, flower and capsule injury. Protection of sesame from the webworm with insecticide effectively reduced leaf (0.02%), flower (<2%) and pod (<1%) damage to very low levels, On the other hand, the unprotected sesame had high levels of infestation. The highest capsule injury was recorded on BaHa-Necho (9.68%) and varieties Adi, Setit-2 and Borkena sustained <5% capsule injury. Grain yield was also increased significantly (p<0.001) in the protected plots of the nine varieties as compared to their corresponding unprotected plots. Maximum yield was obtained from Setit-2, Setit-1, Humera-1 and Higher in both treated and untreated plots. The highest avoidable yield losses were obtained from Adi, Gonder-1, BaHa-Necho, and BaHa-Zeyit with respective cost-benefit ratio 2.27, 2.02, 2.12 and 2.03. Therefore integration of sowing the varieties  Setit-2, Setit-1, Humera-1 and Hirhir and spraying with Diazinon 60 EC, at a rate of one liter per hectare at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after crop emergence (WAE) has potential to reduce the yield losses of sesame due to sesame webworm infestation and to increase yield of sesame.

Behavior-based control of insect crop pests

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra A. Allan
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Insect Behavior ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Ecological Traits ◽  
Crop Pests ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Crop Development

Manipulation of insect behavior can provide the foundation for effective strategies for control of insect crop pests. A detailed understanding of life cycles and the behavioral repertoires of insect pests is essential for development of this approach. A variety of strategies have been developed based on behavioral manipulation and include mass trapping, attract-and-kill, auto-dissemination, mating and host plant location disruption, and push-pull. Insight into application of these strategies for insect pests within Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera/Thysanoptera are provided, but first with an overview of economic damage and traditional control approaches, and overview of relevant behavioral/ecological traits. Then examples are provided of how these different control strategies are applied for each taxonomic group. The future of these approaches in the context of altered crop development for repellency or as anti-feedants, the effects of climate change and the risks of behaviorally-based methods are discussed.

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