scholarly journals Seasonal Phenology of the Major Insect Pests of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and Their Natural Enemies in a Traditional Zone and Two New Production Zones of Peru

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 644
Author(s):  
Luis Cruces ◽  
Eduardo de la Peña ◽  
Patrick De Clercq
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
New Production ◽  
San Lorenzo ◽  
The Andes

Over the last decade, the sown area of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has been increasingly expanding in Peru, and new production fields have emerged, stretching from the Andes to coastal areas. The fields at low altitudes have the potential to produce higher yields than those in the highlands. This study investigated the occurrence of insect pests and the natural enemies of quinoa in a traditional production zone, San Lorenzo (in the Andes), and in two new zones at lower altitudes, La Molina (on the coast) and Majes (in the “Maritime Yunga” ecoregion), by plant sampling and pitfall trapping. Our data indicated that the pest pressure in quinoa was higher at lower elevations than in the highlands. The major insect pest infesting quinoa at high densities in San Lorenzo was Eurysacca melanocampta; in La Molina, the major pests were E. melanocampta, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Liriomyza huidobrensis; and in Majes, Frankliniella occidentalis was the most abundant pest. The natural enemy complex played an important role in controlling M. euphorbiae and L. huidobrensis by preventing pest resurgence. The findings of this study may assist quinoa producers (from the Andes and from regions at lower altitudes) in establishing better farming practices in the framework of integrated pest management.

scholarly journals Application of Trap Cropping as Companion Plants for the Management of Agricultural Pests: A Review

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shovon Chandra Sarkar ◽  
Endong Wang ◽  
Shengyong Wu ◽  
Zhongren Lei
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Trap Crops ◽  
Companion Plant ◽  
Trap Cropping

Companion planting is a well-known strategy to manage insect pests and support a natural enemy population through vegetative diversification. Trap cropping is one such type of special companion planting strategy that is traditionally used for insect pest management through vegetative diversification used to attract insect pests away from the main crops during a critical time period by providing them an alternative preferred choice. Trap crops not only attract the insects for feeding and oviposition, but also act as a sink for any pathogen that may be a vector. Considerable research has been conducted on different trap crops as companion plant species to develop improved pest management strategies. Despite this, little consensus exists regarding optimal trap cropping systems for diverse pest management situations. An advantage of trap cropping over an artificially released natural enemy-based biological control could be an attractive remedy for natural enemies in cropping systems. Besides, many trap crop species can conserve natural enemies. This secondary effect of attracting natural enemies may be an advantage compared to the conventional means of pest control. However, this additional consideration requires a more knowledge-intensive background to designing an effective trap cropping system. We have provided information based on different trap crops as companion plant, their functions and an updated list of trap cropping applications to attract insect pests and natural enemies that should be proven as helpful in future trap cropping endeavors.

On the Effect of Methods of Mechanical Control on the Progress of Introduced Parasites of Insect Pests

1927 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Mechanical Control ◽  
Temporary Relief ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Experimental Stage

The importation of parasites from the native home of introduced insect pests now constitutes a recognised part of entomological practice in most countries under civilised control. However, since the method is still in the experimental stage, and since long periods of time often elapse before the parasites colonised become sufficiently abundant to exert any appreciable influence on the host, the entomologist often finds it necessary, in order to avert disaster, to utilise remedies which, though temporary, are more immediately effective. To this end he employs some one or other of the various methods of mechanical control, by which the population of the insect pest can be at once greatly reduced.But in many cases, these methods of attack affect the parasites as well as the hosts. It is therefore important to consider what influence they will have upon the progress of the natural enemies and whether, in order to obtain the temporary relief afforded by mechanical methods, we are not sacrificing the hope of permanent control.We have at present no data permitting us to attack this problem from the experimental angle ; but it can be studied in a broad general way when reduced to mathematical terms.

Natural enemies and forest pest management

1991 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 500-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Nealis
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Forest Practices

Forest insect pest management differs from pest management in other renewable-resource industries because of the relative complexity and stability of the forest environment. An important component of this complexity is the rich fauna of natural enemies attacking most forest insect pests. Understanding the relationship between forest insect pests and their natural enemies would permit better insight into the dynamics of pest populations.The active release of natural enemies in inoculative or inundative release strategies is a direct application of biological control to pest management. The conservation of resident natural enemies is an indirect biological control method with great potential. Knowledge of the ecology of natural enemies can be used to modify other forest practices such as reforestation and insecticide use to conserve or enhance the action of natural enemies.

Management of beneficial invertebrates and their potential role in integrated pest management for Australian grain systems

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne C. Holloway ◽  
Michael J. Furlong ◽  
Philip I. Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
The Impact

Beneficial invertebrates (predators and parasitoids) can make significant contributions to the suppression of insect pest populations in many cropping systems. In Australia, natural enemies are incorporated into integrated pest management programs in cotton and horticultural agroecosystems. They are also often key components of effective programs for the management of insect pests of grain crops in other parts of the world. However, few studies have examined the contribution of endemic natural enemies to insect pest suppression in the diverse grain agroecosystems of Australia. The potential of these organisms is assessed by reviewing the role that natural enemies play in the suppression of the major pests of Australian grain crops when they occur in overseas grain systems or other local agroecosystems. The principal methods by which the efficacy of biological control agents may be enhanced are examined and possible methods to determine the impact of natural enemies on key insect pest species are described. The financial and environmental benefits of practices that encourage the establishment and improve the efficacy of natural enemies are considered and the constraints to adoption of these practices by the Australian grains industry are discussed.

Chemical and integrated control of the long-tailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in the Riverland of South Australia

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
GO Furness
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Management Program ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pseudococcus Longispinus ◽  
Check Experiment

Chemical control of the mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) was most effective if sprays were applied when the mealybugs were in the dispersive crawler stage and when the host plant afforded the least shelter. A two-spray program with sprays applied in August and late November effectively controlled a dense infestation of the mealybug on citrus. Red scale (Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell)), the major insect pest of citrus, was also effectively controlled. An overall pest management program has been developed for citrus in which all insect pests are controlled by combination of natural enemies and insecticides as required. Outbreaks of the mealybug, and other secondary pests, are controlled by sprays of aminocarb or methomyl. These two insecticides prevented the population resurgence of mealybugs in the subsequent generation which occurred when maldison was used. Bioassays showed that aminocarb and methomyl were toxic for less than a week to the mealybug and to parasites and predators, whereas maldison and methidathion were toxic to the parasites and predators for about a month. Parasite pupae inside the host mealybug survived sprays of maldison and aminocarb. It is suggested that natural enemies emerging after spraying, from resistant or protected stages, survive sprays of aminocarb and methomyl but not sprays of more persistent insecticides like maldison; and that these survivors continue to suppress populations of their hosts. Hence aminocarb and methomyl are probably specific in their action against the mealybug and the other secondary pests of citrus because of their short persistence.An insecticide check experiment failed to demonstrate that natural enemies significantly reduce populations of the mealybug. Possible reasons for the failure are discussed.

scholarly journals Diversity and equitability of insect pests and natural enemies in brinjal field treated with insecticide

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
A Awal ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
MZ Alam ◽  
MMH Khan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Pitfall Trap ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Total Abundance ◽  
Net Method ◽  
Sweep Net

Experiment was conducted during winter season to study the diversity and equitability of insect pest species and natural enemies in insecticide treated brinjal fields. Highest number of insect pests were recorded in` Tracer 45 SC, Bactoil (Bt), Nimbicidene 0.03 EC and lowest was in Necstar-50 EC and Proclaim-5 SG treated plots. The highest total abundance of insect pest was recorded in the plots treated with Bactoil and Tracer-45 SC and lowest total abundance was in Helicide (HNPV), Proclaim-5 SG and Booster-10 EC treated plots. The diversity index and equitability of insect pest species were highest in the plots treated with Nimbicidene 0.03 EC and Bactoil in visual search and sweep net methods while Bactoil and Booster 10 EC in pitfall trap method. However, lowest diversity index and equitability were obtained from the plots treated with Booster 10 EC, Proclaim-5 SG, Necstar-50 EC, Tracer-45 SC in visual search and sweep net methods but also in plots treated with Nimbicidene 0.03 EC in pitfall trap method. In case of natural enemies, the highest number of families were recorded in Tracer-45 SC, Nimbicidine 0.03 EC and Bactoil treated plots while lowest was in Helicide, Booster 10 EC, Proclaim-5 SG and Necstar-50 EC treated plots. The highest total abundance of natural enemy was recorded in the plot treated with Bactoil and Tracer-45 SC while lowest abundance was in the plot treated with Necstar-50 EC and Boster-10 EC. The diversity index and equitability of natural enemies were the highest in the plots treated with Proclaim-5 SG, Bactoil, Helicide and Necstar-50 EC in visual search, sweep net method and pitfall trap method while lowest was in Booster 10 EC, Tracer-45 SC treated plots in visual search method, Booster 10 EC and Nimbicidene 0.03 EC treated plots in sweep net method, Necstar-50 EC and Nimbicidene 0.03 EC treated plots in pitfall trap method. Bactoil and Tracer-45 SC were relatively safe for natural enemies and therefore would be fit well into integrated pest management (IPM) against BSFB of brinjal crop.Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 4(1): 71-80, 2015 (June)

scholarly journals Economically significant pests of vegetable crops in Smederevska Palanka

Biljni lekar ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-487
Author(s):  
Bojana Jovanović ◽  
Olivera Petrović-Obradović ◽  
Bogoljub Zečević ◽  
Suzana Pavlović ◽  
Jelena Damnjanović
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Stink Bugs ◽  
Insect Reproduction ◽  
Sufficient Food

The aim of this research was to determine insect pests on vegetable crops in Smederevska Palanka area. By using standard methods, equipment and tools, insect pests that caused significant and less significant damages have been determined on vegetable crops: pepper, tomato, cucumber, melon, zucchini, cabbage, pea, bean, spinach and beet at the arable area at the Institute for Vegetable Crops. The most significant insect pests, causing the most damages were Frankliniella occidentalis and Tuta absoluta, and also several species of aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis fabae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae), stink bugs (Nezara viridula, Eurydema spp.) and flea beetle (Phyllotreta spp.). These insects caused direct and indirect damages. The most significant damages have been noted in green houses due to favourable conditions for insect reproduction and sufficient food supplies.

scholarly journals A Review of Interactions between Insect Biological Control Agents and Semiochemicals

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamika Sharma ◽  
Ramandeep Kaur Sandhi ◽  
Gadi V. P. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Insect Pheromones ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Trap Crops

Biological control agents and semiochemicals have become essential parts of the integrated pest management of insect pests over recent years, as the incorporation of semiochemicals with natural enemies and entomopathogenic microbials has gained significance. The potential of insect pheromones to attract natural enemies has mainly been established under laboratory conditions, while semiochemicals from plants have been used to attract and retain natural enemies in field conditions using strategies such as trap crops and the push–pull mechanism. The best-known semiochemicals are those used for parasitoids–insect pest–plant host systems. Semiochemicals can also aid in the successful dispersal of entomopathogenic microbials. The use of semiochemicals to disseminate microbial pathogens is still at the initial stage, especially for bacterial and viral entomopathogens. Future studies should focus on the integration of semiochemicals into management strategies for insects, for which several semiochemical compounds have already been studied. More effective formulations of microbial agents, such as granular formulations of entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs), along with bio-degradable trap materials, could improve this strategy. Furthermore, more studies to evaluate species-specific tactics may be needed, especially where more than one key pest is present.

scholarly journals Diversity and Abundance of Insect in Conventional Apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill) Plantation at Kota Batu, East Java

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-201
Author(s):  
Bayu Kurniawan ◽  
RC. Hidayat Soesilohadi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Apis Cerana ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index ◽  
Early Flower

Apple is a plant that susceptible toward pests and diseases. Application of pesticide to suppress insect pest population gave negative impact toward natural enemies and insect pollinators. The purpose of this research was to determine the diversity and dominance of insect pests, pollinators, and natural enemies of each phase of apple plant development in conventional plantations in Kota Batu, East Java. This research was conducted in February to May 2016 in each phase of apple growth namely, after defoliation, early flower, late flower, early fruit, and late fruit. Plot size was 10x10 m2 with total 5 plots and total plants in each plot were 60 trees. Collection methods were active collection (hand picking, insect net, and beating tray) and passive collection (yellow trap, pitfall trap, light trap, and stainer trap). Preservation methods used in this research were dry preservatoin and wet preservation. Identification was conducted in Laboratorium of Entomology, Faculty of Biology UGM and Laboratorium Entomology, Zoology Division, Research Centre for Biology Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong. Data analyzed by using Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, Simpson Dominance Index and Abundance Formulation. The results showed that total insects that was caught consist of 38 species belong to 9 orders. Diversity index in each phase of apple growth were: after defoliation (0.69), early flower (1.39), late flower (1.86), early fruit (0.66), and late fruit (1.24). Domination index each phase of apple growth were after defoliation (0.50), early flower (0.34), late flower (0.21), early fruit (0.75), and late fruit (0.40). Diversity index of potential insect as pest (1.46), as pollinator (1.29), and as natural enemies (1.18). The highest abundance of insect as pollinator was Apis cerana, as natural enemy was Pantala flavescens, and as pest was Aphis gossypii.

scholarly journals Effects of diversifying the planting period of maize on herbivorous and their natural enemies

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma María Clemente-Orta ◽  
Hugo Alejandro Álvarez ◽  
Filipe Madeira ◽  
Ramon Albajes
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Predatory Insects

Knowledge of the specific insect densities during crop development is necessary to perform appropriate measures for the control of insect pests and to minimize yield losses. In a previous study, both spatial and temporal approaches were adopted to analyse the influence of landscape structure and field variables on herbivore and predatory insects on maize. Both types of variables influenced insect abundance, but the highest effect was found with maize phenology. Given that the field planting date could modulate the influence produced by the structure of the landscape on herbivores and predatory insects, analyses of population dynamics must be performed at both the local and landscape levels. The anterior prompted us to study these aspects in the two common planting periods (early and late) in northern Spain. The present study tests the hypothesis that the period of maize planting could have a higher effect than phenology or interannual variation on the abundance of natural enemies and herbivores on maize. Our results showed that only the abundances of other herbivore thrips and Syrphidae were significantly different between the two planting periods. Moreover, we found significant effects of planting period when we performed yearly analysis in 2015 for Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae and in 2016 and 2017 for Aeolothrips sp. Most of the taxa had abundance peaks in earlier growth stages, which are related to pollination (before or during), while only Stethorus punctillum and Syrphidae increased later in the season. Furthermore, Frankliniella occidentalis, aphids, Syrphidae and Coccinellidae registered higher abundances in fields sown in the late planting period than in the rest of the insect species. The results of the present study highlight the effects of sowing dates on insect dynamics in maize.

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