scholarly journals Infestation and Yield Losses Due to Sesame Webworm (Antigastra catalaunalis, (Duponchel) on Different Sesame Varieties in Western Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Zerabruk Geremedhin ◽  
Ferdu Azerefegne
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Sesame Seed ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Significant Difference

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is the most important oilseed crop in Ethiopia. It is basically grown during the summer season in different regions of the country and produced mainly in the northern and northwestern lowlands of Ethiopia. The production of sesame is low because of insect pests such as sesame webworm, sesame seed bug and gall midge. Among these pests, sesame webworm is one of the most important insect pests and it attacks the crop at all growth stages and causes a significant yield loss. Therefore, the present study was aimed to assess the infestation and avoidable yield losses of sesame due to sesame webworm on different released sesame varieties at field conditions. A field experiment was conducted to assess the infestation and yield losses with respective cost-benefit of nine released sesame varieties to sesame webworm in paired plots (treated with Diazinon 60% EC and untreated) in RCBD with three replications in 2016 production year. There was a significant difference (p<0.001) between the protected and unprotected plots of each variety in leaf, flower and capsule injury. Protection of sesame from the webworm with insecticide effectively reduced leaf (0.02%), flower (<2%) and pod (<1%) damage to very low levels, On the other hand, the unprotected sesame had high levels of infestation. The highest capsule injury was recorded on BaHa-Necho (9.68%) and varieties Adi, Setit-2 and Borkena sustained <5% capsule injury. Grain yield was also increased significantly (p<0.001) in the protected plots of the nine varieties as compared to their corresponding unprotected plots. Maximum yield was obtained from Setit-2, Setit-1, Humera-1 and Higher in both treated and untreated plots. The highest avoidable yield losses were obtained from Adi, Gonder-1, BaHa-Necho, and BaHa-Zeyit with respective cost-benefit ratio 2.27, 2.02, 2.12 and 2.03. Therefore integration of sowing the varieties  Setit-2, Setit-1, Humera-1 and Hirhir and spraying with Diazinon 60 EC, at a rate of one liter per hectare at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after crop emergence (WAE) has potential to reduce the yield losses of sesame due to sesame webworm infestation and to increase yield of sesame.

scholarly journals Quantification of Avoidable Yield Losses in Oilseed Brassica Caused by Insect Pests

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagdev Kular ◽  
Sarwan Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Eruca Sativa ◽  
Mustard Aphid ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Quantification of Avoidable Yield Losses in OilseedBrassicaCaused by Insect PestsA six year field study was conducted from 2001-2002 to 2006-2007 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India to study the losses in seed yield of differentBrassicaspecies (B. juncea, B. napus, B. carinata, B. rapaandEruca sativa) by the infestation of insect pests. The experiment was conducted in two different sets viz. protected/sprayed and unprotected, in a randomized block design, with three replications. Data on the infestation of insect pests, and seed yield were recorded at weekly intervals and at harvest, respectively. The loss in seed yield, due to mustard aphid and cabbage caterpillar, varied from 6.5 to 26.4 per cent.E. sativasuffered the least loss in seed yield and harboured the minimum population of mustard aphid (2.1 aphids/plant) and cabbage caterpillar (2.4 larvae/plant). On the other hand,B. carinatawas highly susceptible to the cabbage caterpillar (26.2 larvae/plant) and suffered the maximum yield loss (26.4%).

scholarly journals Alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) shoot saponins: identification and bio-activity by the assessment of aphid feeding

2010 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mazahery-Laghab ◽  
B. Yazdi-Samadi ◽  
M. Bagheri ◽  
A. R. Bagheri
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Biological Role ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Medicagenic Acid ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Biochemical components in alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.), such as saponins, can act as protecting factors against bio-stresses. Saponins are also antifeedants and show oral toxicity towards higher and lower animals. Changes in saponins, such as variation in the carbon skeleton, or hydrolysis of saponin glycosides and other conjugates, may change their biological effects. The aims of this research were to study saponin variation in different growth stages of alfalfa and to investigate the biological role of saponins in the spotted alfalfa aphid,Therioaphis maculata. Saponins from alfalfa shoots in different growth stages were extracted, chemically purified and analysed by TLC. Specific saponins such as soyasaponin1 from root and shoot and two bisdesmosides of medicagenic acid, one from shoot and another from root tissues, were identified using reference compounds allowing changes in saponin composition during plant development in different shoot tissues of alfalfa to be assessed. The response of the alfalfa aphid to feeding on alfalfa in different growth stages was studied. No significant difference in the survival of aphids, from neonate to adult, was observed, but due to the antibiotic effects of saponins, two differences were found in the onset of nymph production and cumulative nymph production. The results show that the saponin composition in alfalfa changes with plant development and this, in turn, can often negatively affect the development of specific insect pests such as the spotted alfalfa aphid, suggesting a possible biological role of alfalfa saponins.

scholarly journals Weed Interference and Control in Cowpea Production: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Adewale Osipitan
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Weed Removal

In spite of the great economic potential of cowpea as both domestic and commercial crop, a number of constraints, which include insect pests, diseases and weeds, limits its production in West and many parts of Africa. Weeds reduced cowpea yield and value by competing for light, water and nutrients. Cowpea suffers from weeds particularly when the crop is in the early growth stages before ground cover. Yield losses cause by weeds alone in cowpea production can be as high as 76% depending on the cowpea cultivar, environment and weed management practices. A timely weed removal at the critical period, which falls within the first 40 days of cowpea growth, would help to prevent an unacceptable yield. Weed management in cowpea has been with low technology. Hand weeding is the most widely used weed control method in cowpea but they are usually expensive and labour intensive. Cultural practices such as narrow row spacing and planting of early maturing varieties are also used for weed control in cowpea. Herbicides, which are relatively easy to use and less expensive, have not been widely adopted for weed control in cowpea. There are limited number of selective herbicides with wide spectrum for weed control in cowpea. However, an integrated practices that involved pre-emergence weed control using herbicides or physical weeding, and a supplementary weed removal that would ensure weed control up to 40 days after cowpea emergence could substantially prevent yield losses associated with weed interference.

scholarly journals EFFETS DES APPORTS DENGRAIS MINERAUX SUR LA CROISSANCE, LA PRODUCTIVITE ET LA RENTABILITE ECONOMIQUE DU SESAME DANS LE CENTRE SUD DU NIGER

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 303-314
Author(s):  
Boureima Seyni ◽  
◽  
Sani Moussa Abdourahamane ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Sesame Seed ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Set Up

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an annual oilseed crop cultivated for its seeds which are a source of income and nutrients for farmers. In Niger, the plant is mainly cultivated on low inputs soils some often without added fertilizers because sesame is considered as secondary crop. A study of the response of sesame to mineral fertilization was carried out on the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agronomy and Environmental Sciences of Dan Dicko Dankoulodo University of Maradi during the rainy season 2019-2020. The SN-103 cultivar was used in a split-plot design set-up with 4 replicates. Two factors were studied : the type of fertilizer with two levels (15-15-15 and 18-46-00) and the dose at five levels (0 kg ha-1 (control), 80 kg ha-1, 300 kg ha-1, 334 kg ha-1, 368 kg ha-1). Flowering time, plant height at maturity, the number of capsules per plant, the number of branches, the grain yield and the Normalized Difference of the Vegetation Index (NDVI) were the parameters monitored. The economic benefits analysis of applying these doses were also carried. The results evidenced that there is no significant difference between the two types of fertilizer in their effects on the growth and the development parameters and that only the dose effect was significant. Higher dose of 15-15-15 or 18-46-00 significantly increase the grain yield of sesame. The rate of 368 kg ha-1 was particularly more productive with a grain yield of 837 kg ha-1. The two doses of 80 kg ha-1 and 368 kg ha-1were economically superior and stable within the price variability periodes of sesame grains. NDVI 4, measured on the 66th day after sowing, alone explains 63,30% of the variability in sesame grain yield. Although sesame is considered a less fertilizer demanding crop, it responds well to fertilization and a measured NDVI during full bloom can be an effective tool for predicting sesame seed yield.

scholarly journals Effects of diversifying the planting period of maize on herbivorous and their natural enemies

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma María Clemente-Orta ◽  
Hugo Alejandro Álvarez ◽  
Filipe Madeira ◽  
Ramon Albajes
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Predatory Insects

Knowledge of the specific insect densities during crop development is necessary to perform appropriate measures for the control of insect pests and to minimize yield losses. In a previous study, both spatial and temporal approaches were adopted to analyse the influence of landscape structure and field variables on herbivore and predatory insects on maize. Both types of variables influenced insect abundance, but the highest effect was found with maize phenology. Given that the field planting date could modulate the influence produced by the structure of the landscape on herbivores and predatory insects, analyses of population dynamics must be performed at both the local and landscape levels. The anterior prompted us to study these aspects in the two common planting periods (early and late) in northern Spain. The present study tests the hypothesis that the period of maize planting could have a higher effect than phenology or interannual variation on the abundance of natural enemies and herbivores on maize. Our results showed that only the abundances of other herbivore thrips and Syrphidae were significantly different between the two planting periods. Moreover, we found significant effects of planting period when we performed yearly analysis in 2015 for Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae and in 2016 and 2017 for Aeolothrips sp. Most of the taxa had abundance peaks in earlier growth stages, which are related to pollination (before or during), while only Stethorus punctillum and Syrphidae increased later in the season. Furthermore, Frankliniella occidentalis, aphids, Syrphidae and Coccinellidae registered higher abundances in fields sown in the late planting period than in the rest of the insect species. The results of the present study highlight the effects of sowing dates on insect dynamics in maize.

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT ON PRODUCTIVITY AND POVERTY AMONG RICE FARMERS IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA.

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 392-400
Author(s):  
O. S. Balogun ◽  
M. A. Damisa ◽  
O. Yusuf ◽  
O. L. Balogun
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Agricultural Transformation ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Late Model

The study was carried out to examine the effect of agricultural transformation on the beneficiary’s productivity and poverty of rice farmers in Kano State Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling method was employed to select 571 respondents for the study. Data were collected through structured questionnaires on respondent’s income, input and output quantities as well as their expenditures. Data were analysis using descriptive statistics, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT), Propensity score matching and LATE model. Results from the study shows that respondents productivity revealed a significant difference of about 127 kg/ha in rice productivity between participants and non-participants. Also, the LATE estimates revealed an average treatment effect ATE0 of about 222.98kg/ha. Furthermore, the project had a significant effect N11, 321.4 on the participant’s consumption expenditure than the non-participants N9980.60. Moreover, participants were, able to increase their household total expenditures by N34780 per annum. Fluctuations of input/output prices insect pests and inadequate extension visits were all the major constraints faced by the farmers. It was recommended that farmers’ information and sensitization system should be overhauled and improved. Also, attention should be given to well organize extension visits for the farmers from stake holders

Efficacy of some insecticide modules against major insect pests and spider population of rice, Oryza sativa L.

ENTOMON ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-262
Author(s):  
Atanu Seni ◽  
Bhimasen Naik
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Treated Plot

Experiments were carried out to assess some insecticide modules against major insect pests of rice. Each module consists of a basal application of carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i ha-1 at 20 DAT and Rynaxypyr 20 SC @ 30 g a.i ha-1 at 45 DAT except untreated control. All modules differ with each other only in third treatment which was applied in 65 DAT. The third treatment includes: Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 27 g a.i ha-1, Pymetrozine 50 WG @ 150 g a.i ha-1, Triflumezopyrim 106 SC @ 27 g a.i ha-1, Buprofezin 25 SC @ 250 g a.i ha-1; Glamore (Imidacloprid 40+Ethiprole 40% w/w) 80 WG @ 100 g a.i. ha-1, Thiacloprid 24 SC @ 60 g a.i ha-1, Azadirachtin 0.03 EC @ 8 g a.i ha-1, Dinotefuran 20 SG@ 40 g a.i ha-1 and untreated control. All the treated plots recorded significantly lower percent of dead heart, white ear- head caused by stem borer and silver shoot caused by gall midge. Module with Pymetrozine 50 WG @ 150 g a.i ha-1 treated plot recorded significantly higher per cent reduction of plant hoppers (>80% over untreated control) and produced higher grain yield (50.75 qha-1) than the other modules. Among the different treated modules the maximum number of spiders was found in Azadirachtin 0.03 EC @ 8 g a.i ha-1 treated module plot followed by other treatments.

scholarly journals A global non-invasive methodology for the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions using imaging, physiological and molecular tools

Plant Methods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Musse ◽  
G. Hajjar ◽  
N. Ali ◽  
B. Billiot ◽  
G. Joly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Tuber Growth ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Drought is a major consequence of global heating that has negative impacts on agriculture. Potato is a drought-sensitive crop; tuber growth and dry matter content may both be impacted. Moreover, water deficit can induce physiological disorders such as glassy tubers and internal rust spots. The response of potato plants to drought is complex and can be affected by cultivar type, climatic and soil conditions, and the point at which water stress occurs during growth. The characterization of adaptive responses in plants presents a major phenotyping challenge. There is therefore a demand for the development of non-invasive analytical techniques to improve phenotyping. Results This project aimed to take advantage of innovative approaches in MRI, phenotyping and molecular biology to evaluate the effects of water stress on potato plants during growth. Plants were cultivated in pots under different water conditions. A control group of plants were cultivated under optimal water uptake conditions. Other groups were cultivated under mild and severe water deficiency conditions (40 and 20% of field capacity, respectively) applied at different tuber growth phases (initiation, filling). Water stress was evaluated by monitoring soil water potential. Two fully-equipped imaging cabinets were set up to characterize plant morphology using high definition color cameras (top and side views) and to measure plant stress using RGB cameras. The response of potato plants to water stress depended on the intensity and duration of the stress. Three-dimensional morphological images of the underground organs of potato plants in pots were recorded using a 1.5 T MRI scanner. A significant difference in growth kinetics was observed at the early growth stages between the control and stressed plants. Quantitative PCR analysis was carried out at molecular level on the expression patterns of selected drought-responsive genes. Variations in stress levels were seen to modulate ABA and drought-responsive ABA-dependent and ABA-independent genes. Conclusions This methodology, when applied to the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions, provides a quantitative analysis of leaves and tubers properties at microstructural and molecular levels. The approaches thus developed could therefore be effective in the multi-scale characterization of plant response to water stress, from organ development to gene expression.

EFFECTS OF ADRENALECTOMY ON REPRODUCTION IN THE MOUSE

1980 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
BARBARA M. WHITE ◽  
A. A. GIDLEY-BAIRD ◽  
C. W. EMMENS
Keyword(s):  
Single Injection ◽  
Sesame Seed ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Prednisolone Acetate ◽  
Methyl Prednisolone ◽  
Ovariectomized Mice ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sesame Seed Oil ◽  
Pregnant Mice ◽  
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate

Survival of mice treated with sesame seed oil after adrenalectomy was very low and suggested no beneficial effect, whereas treatment with progesterone improved the chances of survival. Treatment with desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and methyl prednisolone acetate also increased the number of animals surviving after adrenalectomy. The corticosteroids were significantly more effective in ensuring survival than was progesterone. There was no significant difference in survival between mice receiving a single injection of 10 mg DOCA and those being given an injection of 1·0 mg DOCA per day for 3 days after the operation. To ensure minimum interference of exogenous corticosteroid with the experimental investigation, animals routinely received only a single injection of 1·0 mg DOCA after the operation. The chance of survival after adrenalectomy was higher in pregnant than in non-pregnant mice. There was a significant linear increase in survival during the first 5 days of pregnancy. Progesterone and prolactin both appeared to be involved in increasing the chance of survival in adrenalectomized pregnant mice. Adrenalectomy had no effect on the number of mice mating and ovulating. Adrenalectomized mice were apparently having normal cycles and 4 weeks after adrenalectomy they were able to mate and ovulate. Compensatory ovulation was seen in hemi-ovariectomized mice and was not abolished by adrenalectomy. Implantation was also unaffected by the operation.

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