OverFlap PCR – a reliable approach for generation of plasmid DNA libraries containing random sequences without template bias.

Over the decades the improvement of naturally occurring proteins and creation of novel ones has been the primary goal for many practical biotechnology researchers and it is widely recognized that randomization of protein sequences coupled to various effect screening methodologies is one of the most powerful techniques for fast, efficient and purposeful approach for acquisition of desired improvements. Over the years considerable advancements have been made in this field, however development of PCR based or template guided methodologies has been hampered by the resulting template sequence bias. In this article we present novel whole plasmid amplification based approach, which we named OverFlap PCR, for randomization of virtually any region of the plasmid DNA, without introduction of mentioned bias.

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Medical treatment of gallstones

Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin ◽

10.1136/dtb.16.18.69 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 16 (18) ◽

pp. 69-71

Keyword(s):

Medical Treatment ◽

Bile Acids ◽

Cholic Acid ◽

Chenodeoxycholic Acid ◽

The Other ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Made In

Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) (Chendol - Weddel) is one of two naturally occurring ‘primary’ bile acids (the other being cholic acid) made in the liver from cholesterol. CDCA is synthesised commercially from cholic acid and prescribed as gelatin-coated capsules containing 125 mg CDCA.

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An overview of radioactivity measurement studies in Pakistan

Reviews on Environmental Health ◽

10.1515/reveh-2018-0058 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 141-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wazir Muhammad ◽

Matiullah ◽

Asad Ullah ◽

Sajjad Tahir ◽

Fawad Ullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Building Materials ◽

Sodium Iodide ◽

Health Hazards ◽

Human Beings ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

High Purity Germanium ◽

Naturally Occurring Radionuclides ◽

The Subject ◽

Radiological Health ◽

Made In

Abstract In our environment, various naturally occurring radionuclides are present (both underground and overground) in several places, which results in lifelong human exposure. The radiation dose received by human beings from the radiation emitted by these naturally occurring radionuclides is approximately 87%. Exposure to radiation poses radiological health hazards. To assess the human health hazards from radiation, the concentration of these naturally occurring radionuclides are measured in soil (used for cultivation), building materials (soil, bricks, sand, marble, etc.), water and dietary items, worldwide. The available literature revealed that numerous studies related to the subject have been carried out in Pakistan. Most of these studies measured the radioactivity concentrations of primordial [uranium (238U), thorium (232Th), radium (226Ra) and potassium (40K)] and anthropogenic [cesium (137Cs)] radionuclide in soil samples (used for cultivation), fertilizers, building materials (i.e. bricks, rocks, sand, soil, marble, etc.), as well as water and dietary items, using a sodium iodide detector or high purity germanium. An effort was made in 2008 to compile these studies as a review article. However, since then, considerable studies have been undertaken and reported in the literature. Therefore, the main objective of the present article is to provide a countrywide baseline data on radionuclide levels, by overviewing and compiling the relevant studies carried out in Pakistan.

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Naturally Occurring Compounds/Materials as Alternatives to Synthetic Chemical Insecticides for Use in Fire Ant Management

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11110758 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 758

Author(s):

Jian Chen ◽

David H. Oi

Keyword(s):

Solenopsis Invicta ◽

Fire Ants ◽

Fire Ant ◽

Red Imported Fire Ant ◽

Natural Toxins ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Solenopsis Invicta Buren ◽

In Fire ◽

Imported Fire Ant ◽

Made In

The invasive red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (hereafter, fire ants), is a significant threat to public health and a danger to livestock, pets and wildlife due to their venomous stings. The fire ant has invaded many countries and regions and has become a globally significant pest. The current major tool to manage fire ants are synthetic insecticides that are used largely as stomach poisons in bait products or contact insecticides in spray, broadcast, drench, and dust products for area and nest treatments. In addition to these insecticide products, repellants and fumigants can also be useful in some unique scenarios. The ever-increasing public concern about the potential adverse effects of synthetic insecticides on health and the environment has been a driving force for searching for safer alternatives to control fire ants. Tremendous effort has been made in developing biologically-based control for managing fire ants; however, natural products continue to be one of the most attractive sources of safe alternatives to synthetic insecticides. Here, we summarized the synthetic insecticides that are currently used in managing fire ants, available alternative products in the current market, and academic efforts in searching for fire ant natural toxins, repellants and fumigants.

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Natural protein sequences are more intrinsically disordered than random sequences

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences ◽

10.1007/s00018-016-2138-9 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 73 (15) ◽

pp. 2949-2957 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Jia-Feng Yu ◽

Zanxia Cao ◽

Yuedong Yang ◽

Chun-Ling Wang ◽

Zhen-Dong Su ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Sequences ◽

Random Sequences ◽

Intrinsically Disordered ◽

Natural Protein

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Emission of atmospherically significant halocarbons by naturally occurring and farmed tropical macroalgae

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-10-483-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 483-528 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. C. Leedham ◽

C. Hughes ◽

F. S. L. Keng ◽

S.-M. Phang ◽

G. Malin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Significant Contribution ◽

Lower Stratosphere ◽

Convective Transport ◽

Emission Rates ◽

Upper Troposphere ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Direct Measurements ◽

Tropical Aquaculture ◽

Current Emission ◽

Made In

Abstract. Current estimates of global halocarbon emissions highlight the tropical coastal environment as an important source of very short-lived (VSL) biogenic halocarbons to the troposphere and stratosphere. This is due to a combination of assumed high primary productivity in tropical coastal waters and the prevalence of deep convective transport potentially capable of rapidly lifting surface emissions to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. However, despite this perceived importance direct measurements of tropical coastal biogenic halocarbon emissions, notably from macroalgae (seaweeds), have not been made. In light of this, we provide the first dedicated study of halocarbon production by a range of 15 common tropical macroalgal species and compare these results to those from previous studies of polar and temperate macroalgae. Variation between species was substantial; CHBr3 measured at the end of a 24 h incubation varied from 1.4 to 1129 pmol g FW−1 h−1 (FW = fresh weight of sample). We used our laboratory-determined emission rates to estimate emissions of CHBr3 and CH2Br2 (the two dominant VSL precursors of stratospheric bromine) from the coastlines of Malaysia and South East Asia. We compare these values to previous top-down model estimates of emissions from these regions, and conclude that the contribution of coastal CHBr3 emissions is likely to be lower than previously assumed. The contribution of tropical aquaculture to current emission budgets is also considered. Whilst the current aquaculture contribution to halocarbon emissions in this regional is small, the potential exists for substantial increases in aquaculture to make a significant contribution to regional halocarbon budgets.

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MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDY OF NATURALLY OCCURRING COMPOUNDS AS INHIBITORS OF COVID -19

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2022.v15i1.43121 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 69-71

Author(s):

SREEDEVI A ◽

MALAR RETNA A ◽

ROBIN KUMAR SAMUEL

Keyword(s):

Molecular Docking ◽

Binding Energy ◽

Docking Study ◽

Molecular Docking Study ◽

Discovery Studio ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Short Period ◽

The Right ◽

Native Ligand ◽

Made In

Objectives: The worldwide spread of COVID-19 is an emergent issue to be tackled. Currently, several works in various field have been made in rather short period. The present study aimed to assess bioactive compounds found in medicinal plants as potential COVID-19 Mpro inhibitors using molecular docking study. Methods: The docking analyses were performed by using Autodock, Discovery Studio Visualiser and Igemdock. Results: The binding energy obtained from the docking of 6LU7 with native ligand cupressuflavone is -8.9 kcal/mol. Conclusion: These findings will provide the opportunities to identify the right drug to combat COVID-19.

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Efficiently cleaved HIV-1 envelopes: can they be important for vaccine immunogen development?

Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy ◽

10.1177/2515135520957763 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 251513552095776

Author(s):

Supratik Das ◽

Rajesh Kumar ◽

Shubbir Ahmed ◽

Hilal Ahmad Parray ◽

Sweety Samal

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Vaccine Immunogen ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Tremendous Progress ◽

Antigenic Properties ◽

Immunogen Design ◽

Membrane Bound ◽

Work Done ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Made In

The enormous diversity of HIV-1 is a significant impediment in selecting envelopes (Envs) that can be suitable for designing vaccine immunogens. While tremendous progress has been made in developing soluble, trimeric, native-like Env proteins, those that have elicited neutralizing antibodies (Abs) in animal models are relatively few. A strategy of selecting naturally occurring Envs suitable for immunogen design by studying the correlation between efficient cleavage on the cell surface and their selective binding to broadly neutralizing Abs (bNAbs) and not to non-neutralizing Abs (non-NAbs), properties essential in immunogens, may be useful. Here we discuss some of the challenges of developing an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine and the work done in generating soluble immunogens. We also discuss the study of naturally occurring, membrane-bound, efficiently cleaved (naturally more sensitive to furin) Envs and how they may positively add to the repertoire of HIV-1 Envs that can be used for vaccine immunogen design. However, even with such Envs, the challenges of developing well-folded, native-like trimers as soluble proteins or using other immunogen strategies such as virus-like particles with desirable antigenic properties remain, and are formidable. In spite of the progress that has been made in the HIV-1 vaccine field, an immunogen that elicits neutralizing Abs with significant breadth and potency in vaccines has still not been developed. Efficiently cleaved Envs may increase the number of available Envs suitable for immunogen design and should be studied further.

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Did Becky really need to apologise? Intercultural evaluations of politeness

East Asian Pragmatics ◽

10.1558/eap.35178 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 151-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Emi Okano ◽

Lucien Brown

Keyword(s):

National Identity ◽

Computer Mediated Communication ◽

National Identities ◽

Mediated Communication ◽

Romantic Involvement ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Computer Mediated ◽

Made In

This study analyses a public apology made in 2016 by Becky, an Anglo-Japanese tarento ‘celebrity’, for her romantic involvement with a married man, musician Enon Kawatani. Adopting an integrative pragmatics perspective, we analyse the pragmatic acts Becky used to perform her apology, including culture-specific nonverbal behaviours indexing deference. We then look at how the apology was dynamically evaluated in naturally occurring discourse in Japanese and British computer-mediated communication (CMC). The analysis shows that culture-specific moral orders rendered Becky’s apology necessary in the Japanese context, but that these norms were not shared by the British audience. The Japanese and British CMC participants utilised national identity as resources for negotiating their contrasting moral orders. We show how CMC participants assign significance to the (im)politeness-related behaviour to which they were exposed and how they performed (im)politeness through threatening national identities.

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Recent Advances in On-Water Multicomponent Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives

Current Organic Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1385272824999201013164825 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (22) ◽

pp. 2601-2611

Author(s):

Komal Chandrakar ◽

Jeevan Lal Patel ◽

S. P. Mahapatra ◽

Santhosh Penta

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Medium ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Reaction Rates ◽

Synthetic Methods ◽

Sustainable Chemistry ◽

Multicomponent Synthesis ◽

Biologically Relevant ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Made In

Coumarin-linked heterocycles represent privileged structural subunits and are welldistributed in naturally occurring compounds with immense biological activities. Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are becoming a valuable tool for synthesizing structurally diverse molecular entities. On the other hand, the last year has seen a tremendous outburst in modifying chemical processes to make them sustainable for the betterment of our environment. The application of aqueous medium in organic synthesis is fulfilling some of the goals of ‘green and sustainable chemistry’ as it has some advantages over the traditional synthetic methods in terms of reaction rates, yields, purity of the products, product selectivity, etc. Hence, significant progress has been made in recent years. In the present review, we provide an overview of the recent developments of multicomponent synthesis of biologically relevant coumarin linked and fused heterocyclic compounds carried out from 2015 till today in an aqueous medium.

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Measurements Within Go¨rtler Vortices

Journal of Fluids Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.3449021 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 101 (4) ◽

pp. 517-520 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

S. H. Winoto ◽

D. F. G. Dura˜o ◽

R. I. Crane

Keyword(s):

Boundary Layer ◽

Flow Visualization ◽

Laminar Boundary Layer ◽

Velocity Component ◽

Water Channel ◽

Concave Surface ◽

Vortex Pattern ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Local Measurements ◽

Made In

Local measurements of stream wise velocity component have been made in the laminar boundary layer on the concave surface of a water channel, supported by flow visualization. Details of the naturally-occurring Go¨rtler vortex pattern are presented.

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