scholarly journals Exploring the effects of prescribed fire on ticks spread and propagation in a spatial setting

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Fulk ◽  
Weizhang Huang, Weizhang ◽  
Folashade Agusto
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Equation System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Differential Equation System ◽  
Prescribed Burns ◽  
The Past ◽  
Controlled Burning ◽  
Number Of Factors

Lyme disease is one of the most prominent tick-borne diseases in the United States and prevalence of the disease has been steadily increasing over the past several decades due to a number of factors, including climate change. Methods for control of the disease have been considered, one of which is prescribed burning. In this paper the effects of prescribed burns on the abundance of ticks present in a spatial domain are assessed. A spatial stage-structured tick-host model with an impulsive differential equation system is developed to simulate the effect that controlled burning has on tick populations. Subsequently, a global sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate the effect of various model parameters on the prevalence of infectious nymphs. Results indicate that while ticks can recover relatively quickly following a burn, yearly, high-intensity prescribed burns can reduce the prevalence of ticks in and around the area that is burned. The use of prescribed burns in preventing the establishment of ticks into new areas is also explored and it is observed that frequent burning can slow establishment considerably.

scholarly journals Facilitating Prescribed Fire in Northern California through Indigenous Governance and Interagency Partnerships

Fire ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Tony Marks-Block ◽  
William Tripp
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Prescribed Burn ◽  
California Department ◽  
State Regulations

Prescribed burning by Indigenous people was once ubiquitous throughout California. Settler colonialism brought immense investments in fire suppression by the United States Forest Service and the California Department of Forestry and Fire Prevention (CAL FIRE) to protect timber and structures, effectively limiting prescribed burning in California. Despite this, fire-dependent American Indian communities such as the Karuk and Yurok peoples, stalwartly advocate for expanding prescribed burning as a part of their efforts to revitalize their culture and sovereignty. To examine the political ecology of prescribed burning in Northern California, we coupled participant observation of prescribed burning in Karuk and Yurok territories (2015–2019) with 75 surveys and 18 interviews with Indigenous and non-Indigenous fire managers to identify political structures and material conditions that facilitate and constrain prescribed fire expansion. Managers report that interagency partnerships have provided supplemental funding and personnel to enable burning, and that decentralized prescribed burn associations facilitate prescribed fire. However, land dispossession and centralized state regulations undermine Indigenous and local fire governance. Excessive investment in suppression and the underfunding of prescribed fire produces a scarcity of personnel to implement and plan burns. Where Tribes and local communities have established burning infrastructure, authorities should consider the devolution of decision-making and land repatriation to accelerate prescribed fire expansion.

The Effect of Season of Picloram and Chlorsulfuron Application on Dalmatian Toadflax (Linaria genistifolia) on Prescribed Burns

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Jacobs ◽  
Roger L. Sheley
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Prescribed Burn ◽  
Prescribed Burns ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Dalmatian Toadflax ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Cover Density

Herbicides are an important tool for managing weeds where prescribed fire is used for rangeland improvement. Understanding how the season of herbicide application relates to prescribed burning is important. Our objective was to determine the effect of picloram and chlorsulfuron on Dalmatian toadflax cover, density, and biomass, where these herbicides were applied in the fall before burning or in the spring before or after burning. Six herbicide treatments and an untreated check were applied in a randomized complete block design with four replications to a prescribed burn at two sites infested with Dalmatian toadflax in Montana, United States. Herbicides were applied in the fall preburn, spring preburn, and spring postburn. Site 1 was treated in 1999 and 2000, and site 2 was treated in 2000 and 2001. Cover, biomass, and density of Dalmatian toadflax were sampled in September 2000, 2001, and 2002 at site 1 and September 2001 and 2002 at site 2. At site 1, cover, biomass, and density of Dalmatian toadflax were at least 76% lower compared with the check in both spring-applied picloram treatments, whereas the fall picloram treatment had similar Dalmatian toadflax cover, biomass, and density compared with the check 3 yr after application. By 2002, chlorsulfuron reduced Dalmatian toadflax cover, biomass, and density by at least 79% compared with the check in all timings of application at site 1. At site 2, Dalmatian toadflax cover, biomass, and density were reduced by at least 86% for all picloram and chlorsulfuron treatments in 2002, 2 yr after application. Chlorsulfuron applied in the fall or the spring and picloram applied in the spring effectively suppressed Dalmatian toadflax cover, biomass, and density for up to 3 yr.

scholarly journals We’re Not Doing Enough Prescribed Fire in the Western United States to Mitigate Wildfire Risk

Fire ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal A. Kolden
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Local Ecological Knowledge ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Southeastern Us ◽  
Wildfire Hazard ◽  
Western Us

Prescribed fire is one of the most widely advocated management practices for reducing wildfire hazard and has a long and rich tradition rooted in indigenous and local ecological knowledge. The scientific literature has repeatedly reported that prescribed fire is often the most effective means of achieving such goals by reducing fuels and wildfire hazard and restoring ecological function to fire-adapted ecosystems in the United States (US) following a century of fire exclusion. This has translated into calls from scientists and policy experts for more prescribed fire, particularly in the Western US, where fire activity has escalated in recent decades. The annual extent of prescribed burning in the Western US remained stable or decreased from 1998 to 2018, while 70% of all prescribed fire was completed primarily by non-federal entities in the Southeastern US. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was the only federal agency to substantially increase prescribed fire use, potentially associated with increased tribal self-governance. This suggests that the best available science is not being adopted into management practices, thereby further compounding the fire deficit in the Western US and the potential for more wildfire disasters.

Income inequality and the growth of redistributive spending in the United States (US) states: is there a link?

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tima T. Moldogaziev ◽  
James E. Monogan ◽  
Christopher Witko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Us States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Policy Models

AbstractProminent public policy models have hypothesised that rising income inequality will lead to more redistributive spending. Subsequent theoretical advancements and empirical research often failed to find a positive relationship between inequality and redistributive spending, however. Over the last few decades both income inequality and redistributive spending have been growing in the United States states. In this work, we consider whether temporal variation in inequality can explain variation in redistributive spending, while controlling for a number of factors that covary with redistributive spending in the states. In an analysis of data for 1976–2008, we find that higher levels of inequality are associated with greater redistributive spending, offering empirical evidence that fiscal policy at the state level responds to growing levels of income inequality. Considering the growing role of state governments in welfare provision during the past several decades, this finding is relevant for policy researchers and practitioners at all levels of government.

Emerging diasporas: Exploring mobilization outside the homeland

2021 ◽  
pp. 002234332098080
Author(s):  
Connor Kopchick ◽  
Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham ◽  
Erin K Jenne ◽  
Stephen Saideman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Identity Preservation ◽  
Geographic Concentration ◽  
Identity Maintenance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
Enormous Number

An enormous number of people are leaving their homelands around the world today. This has happened several times in the past, but migration has spiked in recent years. These population movements can have significant effects on both the host country (where emigrants or refugees settle), as well as politics back in the homeland. After they leave their homelands, why do some groups mobilize, and in what ways? In this article, we examine a number of factors that may impact when emigrated groups mobilize after they move. We develop a new dataset on potential diasporas in the United States to evaluate a series of hypotheses; including those about motivations for mobilization such as identity maintenance, the objective plight of co-ethnics in the homeland, and group capacity to mobilize. We find some merit in the identity preservation argument and a strong effect of geographic concentration of the diaspora segment. Surprisingly, diaspora mobilization does not appear to be strongly related to conflict in the homeland among these groups.

scholarly journals Baptism of fire: Modeling the effects of prescribed fire on tick-borne disease

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Guo ◽  
Folashade B. Agusto
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Impulsive System ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Tick Population ◽  
Prescribed Burns ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Cost Efficient

Recently, tick-borne illnesses have been trending upward and are an increasing source of risk to people's health in the United States. This is due to range expansion in tick habitats as a result of climate change. Thus, it is imperative to find a practical and cost-efficient way of managing tick populations. Prescribed burns are a common form of land management that can be cost efficient if properly managed and can be applied across large amounts of land. In this study, we present a compartmental model for ticks carrying Lyme disease and uniquely incorporate the effects of prescribed fire using an impulsive system to investigate the effects of prescribed fire intensity (high and low) and the duration between burns. Our study found that fire intensity has a larger impact in reducing tick population than the frequency between burns. Furthermore, burning at high intensity is preferable to burning at low intensity whenever possible, although high intensity burns may be unrealistic due to environmental factors. Annual burns resulted in the most significant reduction of infectious nymphs, which are the primary carriers of Lyme disease.

scholarly journals Northern Long-Eared Bat (Myotis septentrionalis) Day-Roost Loss in the Central Appalachian Mountains following Prescribed Burning

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
W. Mark Ford ◽  
Joshua B. Johnson ◽  
Melissa Thomas-Van Gundy
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Hardwood Forests ◽  
Myotis Septentrionalis ◽  
Prescribed Burns ◽  
White Nose Syndrome ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Habitat Enhancement ◽  
Common Cavity

Before the arrival of white-nose syndrome in North America, the northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) was a common cavity-roosting bat species in central Appalachian hardwood forests. Two successive prescribed burns on the Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia, in 2008 and 2009, were shown to positively affect maternity colony day-roost availability and condition in the near-term. However, whether immediate benefits were temporary and if burned forests actually experienced an accelerated loss of trees and snags possibly suitable for bats more than background loss in unburned forests became an important question following the species’ threatened designation. In 2016, we revisited 81 of 113 northern long-eared bat maternity colony day-roosts initially discovered in 2007–2009 with the objective of ascertaining if these trees and snags were still standing and thus potentially “available” for bat use. Initial tree or snag stage condition class and original year of discovery were contributory factors determining availability by 2016, whereas exposure to prescribed fire and tree/snag species decay resistance were not. Because forest managers may consider using habitat enhancement to improve northern long-eared bat survival, reproduction, and juvenile recruitment and must also protect documented day-roosts during forestry operations, we conclude that initial positive benefits from prescribed burning did not come at the expense of subsequent day-roost loss greater than background rates in these forests at least for the duration we examined.

`This is what you want, this is what you get´

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mick Newnham
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Educational Programmes ◽  
Audiovisual Archives

There are limited training options for audiovisual archivists, with most formal courses centred in Europe or the United States of America, but high costs can prevent people working in audiovisual archives from accessing these opportunities. However, there are significant collections of audiovisual heritage spread across the globe, not the least in Southeast Asia and the Pacific region, that are at risk of loss due to a number of factors, including sta competencies. In 1996 audiovisual archivists formed the Southeast Asia–Pacific Audiovisual Archive Association (SEAPAVAA) to advocate on their behalf and to provide networking and other assistance to develop and sustain their respective collections. A key part of SEAPAVAA’s work has been to provide training. Over the past 20 years the association has developed and delivered educational programmes on all aspects of audiovisual archiving. Over this time its trainers have developed an analytical approach to prioritizing needs and optimizing delivery methods in a region that has many distinct languages and cultures and where one size does not fit all. This paper looks at how SEAPAVAA went about discovering those needs and developing training priorities around them.

Survival behaviour of swamp wallabies during prescribed burning and wildfire

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Garvey ◽  
Dror Ben-Ami ◽  
Daniel Ramp ◽  
David B. Croft
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Prescribed Burn ◽  
Prescribed Burns ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Controlled Burning ◽  
Fire Environment ◽  
Fire Front ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact

Context. Prescribed (or controlled) burning is frequently advocated as a means of reducing fuel loads in peri-urban forests to minimise the risk of high-intensity wildfires. An important consideration in prescribed burns is the impact on native wildlife. Aims. An opportunity arose to follow the movements of radio-collared peri-urban swamp wallabies during a prescribed burn and after an unexpected wildfire in the same location a short time later. Movement data was used to assess the relative impacts of the prescribed burn and wildfire on mortality, emigration and habitat use; the behavioural responses and methods of avoidance used by swamp wallabies in response to an oncoming fire front; and the management implications for wildlife that inhabit fire-prone habitats in proximity to human settlement where wildfire mitigation is necessary. Methods. Here we report on the movements of radio-collared swamp wallabies, Wallabia bicolor, before, during and after a prescribed fire and after a wildfire on the same site 6 months later. Key results. No radio-collared swamp wallabies were killed during the prescribed burn and only one wallaby was observed to emigrate from the area post-fire. This contrasted to the wildfire where one wallaby died during or just after the fire and another perished in the post-fire environment a few months later. The wildfire also increased emigration post-fire. Conclusions. We demonstrate that wallabies can avoid fire fronts and that this avoidance behaviour may be more successful during cooler fires. The prescribed burn provided a suitable habitat for wallabies but did not result in a shift in habitat preference. Implications. Mitigation of the impact of prescribed burns on swamp wallabies may be achieved by allowing sufficient time for habitat complexity to re-establish between burns.

Mechanical mastication and prescribed fire in conifer - hardwood chaparral: differing responses of ectomycorrhizae and truffles

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darlene Southworth ◽  
Jessica Donohue ◽  
Jonathan L. Frank ◽  
Jennifer Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Prescribed Burn ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Prescribed Burns ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Seasonally Dry ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Roots ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Communities

Fire-prone hardwood–conifer chaparral comprises a significant component of vegetation in seasonally dry areas where prescribed burns of standing vegetation are limited by air-quality restrictions and narrow climatic opportunities for burning. Mechanical mastication is used by land managers to reduce aerial fuels. When burned, the dry masticated slash layer may result in prolonged soil heating, particularly of the upper soil layers, which contain ectomycorrhizal roots and seasonal truffles (hypogeous fungal sporocarps). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of mechanical mastication followed by prescribed fire on ectomycorrhizae and truffles. We treated blocks with mechanical mastication only, mechanical mastication followed by prescribed fire, prescribed fire only, and no treatment. Five years after the prescribed burn, soils with ectomycorrhizal roots were sampled at the canopy dripline of Pinus attenuata and Quercus kelloggii and surveyed for truffles. Ectomycorrhizae and truffles were described by morphology and by DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region. Ectomycorrhizal communities did not differ among treatments. However, burning reduced the abundance and species richness of truffles in both controls and masticated vegetation. We conclude that prescribed burning of mechanically masticated slash does not harm ectomycorrhizal communities, but does inhibit fruiting of truffles.

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