scholarly journals Optimal planning of eye movements

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoppe David ◽  
Constantin A. Rothkopf
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Ideal Observer ◽  
Optimal Planning ◽  
Single Action ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractThe capability of directing gaze to relevant parts in the environment is crucial for our survival. Computational models based on ideal-observer theory have provided quantitative accounts of human gaze selection in a range of visual search tasks. According to these models, gaze is directed to the position in a visual scene, at which uncertainty about task relevant properties will be reduced maximally with the next look. However, in tasks going beyond a single action, delayed rewards can play a crucial role thereby necessitating planning. Here we investigate whether humans are capable of planning more than the next single eye movement. We found evidence that our subjects’ behavior was better explained by an ideal planner compared to the ideal observer. In particular, the location of the first fixation differed depending on the stimulus and the time available for the search. Overall, our results are the first evidence that our visual system is capable of planning.

scholarly journals Human Frontal Eye Fields and Visual Search

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 3340-3343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil G. Muggleton ◽  
Chi-Hung Juan ◽  
Alan Cowey ◽  
Vincent Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
False Alarm ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Scene Analysis ◽  
Frontal Eye Fields ◽  
Feature Search ◽  
Search Tasks

Recent physiological recording studies in monkeys have suggested that the frontal eye fields (FEFs) are involved in visual scene analysis even when eye movement commands are not required. We examined this proposed function of the human frontal eye fields during performance of visual search tasks in which difficulty was matched and eye movements were neither necessary nor required. Magnetic stimulation over FEF modulated performance on a conjunction search task and a simple feature search task in which the target was unpredictable from trial to trial, primarily by increasing false alarm responses. Simple feature search with a predictable target was not affected. The results establish that human FEFs are critical to visual selection, regardless of the need to generate a saccade command.

scholarly journals Conscious and unconscious memory differentially impact attention: Eye movements, visual search, and recognition processes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Ramey ◽  
Andrew P. Yonelinas ◽  
John M. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Subjective Memory ◽  
Conscious Recollection ◽  
Memory Awareness ◽  
Efficient Extraction ◽  
Subjective Reports ◽  
Unconscious Memory

A hotly debated question is whether memory influences attention through conscious or unconscious processes. To address this controversy, we measured eye movements while participants searched repeated real-world scenes for embedded targets, and we assessed memory for each scene using confidence-based methods to isolate different states of subjective memory awareness. We found that memory-informed eye movements during visual search were predicted both by conscious recollection, which led to a highly precise first eye movement toward the remembered location, and by unconscious memory, which increased search efficiency by gradually directing the eyes toward the target throughout the search trial. In contrast, these eye movement measures were not influenced by familiarity-based memory (i.e., changes in subjective reports of memory strength). The results indicate that conscious recollection and unconscious memory can each play distinct and complementary roles in guiding attention to facilitate efficient extraction of visual information.

Face Detection in Peripheral Vision: Do Faces Pop Out?

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1555-1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Brown ◽  
Dale Huey ◽  
John M Findlay
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Face Detection ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Opposite Polarity ◽  
Target Face ◽  
The Third ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Face Images ◽  
Improved Performance

We examined whether faces can produce a ‘pop-out’ effect in visual search tasks. In the first experiment, subjects' eye movements and search latencies were measured while they viewed a display containing a target face amidst distractors. Targets were upright or inverted faces presented with seven others of the opposite polarity as an ‘around-the-clock’ display. Face images were either photographic or ‘feature only’, with the outline removed. Naive subjects were poor at locating an upright face from an array of inverted faces, but performance improved with practice. In the second experiment, we investigated systematically how training improved performance. Prior to testing, subjects were practised on locating either upright or inverted faces. All subjects benefited from training. Subjects practised on upright faces were faster and more accurate at locating upright target faces than inverted. Subjects practised on inverted faces showed no difference between upright and inverted targets. In the third experiment, faces with ‘jumbled’ features were used as distractors, and this resulted in the same pattern of findings. We conclude that there is no direct rapid ‘pop-out’ effect for faces. However, the findings demonstrate that, in peripheral vision, upright faces show a processing advantage over inverted faces.

Patterns of eye movements during parallel and serial visual search tasks.

1997 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane E. Williams ◽  
Eyal M. Reingold ◽  
Morris Moscovitch ◽  
Marlene Behrmann
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Search Tasks

scholarly journals How Do Art Skills Influence Visual Search? – Eye Movements Analyzed With Hidden Markov Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles Tallon ◽  
Mark W. Greenlee ◽  
Ernst Wagner ◽  
Katrin Rakoczy ◽  
Ulrich Frick
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Hidden Markov ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Membership Probability

The results of two experiments are analyzed to find out how artistic expertise influences visual search. Experiment I comprised survey data of 1,065 students on self-reported visual memory skills and their ability to find three targets in four images of artwork. Experiment II comprised eye movement data of 50 Visual Literacy (VL) experts and non-experts whose eye movements during visual search were analyzed for nine images of artwork as an external validation of the assessment tasks performed in Sample I. No time constraint was set for completion of the visual search task. A latent profile analysis revealed four typical solution patterns for the students in Sample I, including a mainstream group, a group that completes easy images fast and difficult images slowly, a fast and erroneous group, and a slow working student group, depending on task completion time and on the probability of finding all three targets. Eidetic memory, performance in art education and visual imagination as self-reported visual skills have significant impact on latent class membership probability. We present a hidden Markov model (HMM) approach to uncover underlying regions of attraction that result from visual search eye-movement behavior in Experiment II. VL experts and non-experts did not significantly differ in task time and number of targets found but they did differ in their visual search process: compared to non-experts, experts showed greater precision in fixating specific prime and target regions, assessed through hidden state fixation overlap. Exploratory analysis of HMMs revealed differences between experts and non-experts in image locations of attraction (HMM states). Experts seem to focus their attention on smaller image parts whereas non-experts used wider parts of the image during their search. Differences between experts and non-experts depend on the relative saliency of targets embedded in images. HMMs can determine the effect of expertise on exploratory eye movements executed during visual search tasks. Further research on HMMs and art expertise is required to confirm exploratory results.

scholarly journals THE IMPROVEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING ORGANIZATION OF THE X-RAY SCREENING SYSTEMS OPERATORS BY USING THE EYE MOVEMENTS REGISTRATION SYSTEM AND METHODS OF CLUSTER AND DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-36
Author(s):  
A. K. Volkov ◽  
V. V. Ionov
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Registration System ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tracking Technology ◽  
Screening Systems

The X-ray screening systems operators’ professional training is based on the CBT (computer-based training) principle, which has algorithms of adaptive training. These algorithms in existing computer simulators include feedback mechanisms on the basis of trainability exponents – such as the frequency of detecting dangerous objects, the frequency of false alarms and detection time. Further enhancement of the operators’ simulator training effectiveness is associated with the integration of psychophysiological mechanisms providing monitoring of their functional state. Based on the analysis of the particularities of x-ray screening systems operators’ professional training associated with the formation of competences in dangerous objects visual search, the most perspective method is the Eye tracking technology. Domestic and foreign studies of the eye movements characteristics while solving professional tasks in training process are actively developed in various areas. There are no studies of visual search peculiarities in domestic practice in contrast to exterior studies. This research is aimed at considering the usage of Eye tracking technology in the training of x-ray screening systems operators. As the result of the experimental research with the use of mobile eye-tracker Sensomotoric Instruments Eye Tracking Glasses 2.0 the statistical data of eye movement parameters of two groups of subjects with different levels of training have been received. The application of cluster and discriminant analyses methods allowed to identify General classes of these parameters, as well as to obtain the discriminants functions for each group under examination. The theoretical significance of the peculiarities of the operators’ eye movement studies is to identify the patterns of prohibited items visual search. The practical importance of implementation of Eye tracking technology and statistical analysis methods is to increase the reliability of assessment the level of formed competence of x-ray screening systems’ operators in visual search, as well as to develop the potential system of operators’ state monitoring and assessing their visual fatigue.

scholarly journals Seeing Beyond Salience and Guidance: The Role of Bias and Decision in Visual Search

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Alasdair D. F. Clarke ◽  
Anna Nowakowska ◽  
Amelia R. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Guided Search ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Field Of Vision

Visual search is a popular tool for studying a range of questions about perception and attention, thanks to the ease with which the basic paradigm can be controlled and manipulated. While often thought of as a sub-field of vision science, search tasks are significantly more complex than most other perceptual tasks, with strategy and decision playing an essential, but neglected, role. In this review, we briefly describe some of the important theoretical advances about perception and attention that have been gained from studying visual search within the signal detection and guided search frameworks. Under most circumstances, search also involves executing a series of eye movements. We argue that understanding the contribution of biases, routines and strategies to visual search performance over multiple fixations will lead to new insights about these decision-related processes and how they interact with perception and attention. We also highlight the neglected potential for variability, both within and between searchers, to contribute to our understanding of visual search. The exciting challenge will be to account for variations in search performance caused by these numerous factors and their interactions. We conclude the review with some recommendations for ways future research can tackle these challenges to move the field forward.

Eye movement measures of performance on visual search tasks: Equating the baselines of task performance

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Chase ◽  
Erik Viirre ◽  
Julie Kwak ◽  
Shawn Wing ◽  
Karl Van Orden
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Measures Of Performance

Gaze Linking in Visual Search: A Help or a Hindrance?

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1376-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Messmer ◽  
Nathan Leggett ◽  
Melissa Prince ◽  
Jason S. McCarley
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Visual Task ◽  
Serial Search ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Computer Monitors

Gaze linking allows team members in a collaborative visual task to scan separate computer monitors simultaneously while their eye movements are tracked and projected onto each other’s displays. The present study explored the benefits of gaze linking to performance in unguided and guided visual search tasks. Participants completed either an unguided or guided serial search task as both independent and gaze-linked searchers. Although it produced shorter mean response times than independent search, gaze linked search was highly inefficient, and gaze linking did not differentially affect performance in guided and unguided groups. Results suggest that gaze linking is likely to be of little value in improving applied visual search.

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