scholarly journals Dissociable contributions of the amygdala to the immediate and delayed effects of emotional arousal on memory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Schümann ◽  
Tobias Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Delayed Effect ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Amygdala Activity ◽  
Behavioral Memory ◽  
Central Noradrenergic System

AbstractEmotionally arousal enhances memory encoding and consolidation leading to better immediate and delayed memory. Although the central noradrenergic system and the amygdala play critical roles in both effects of emotional arousal, we have recently shown that these effects are at least partly independent of each other, suggesting distinct underlying neural mechanisms. Here we aim to dissociate the neural substrates of both effects in 70 female participants using an emotional memory paradigm to investigate how neural activity, as measured by fMRI, and a polymorphism in the α2B-noradrenoceptor vary for these effects. To also test whether the immediate and delayed effects of emotional arousal on memory are stable traits, we invited back participants who were a part of a large-scale behavioral memory study about 3.5 years ago. We replicated the low correlation of the immediate and delayed emotional enhancement of memory across participants (r = 0.16) and observed, moreover, that only the delayed effect was, to some degree, stable over time (r = 0.23). Bilateral amygdala activity, as well as its coupling with the visual cortex and the fusiform gyrus, was related to the preferential encoding of emotional stimuli, which is consistent with affect-biased attention. Moreover, the adrenoceptor genotype modulated the bilateral amygdala activity associated with this effect. The left amygdala and its coupling with the hippocampus was specifically associated with the more efficient consolidation of emotional stimuli, which is consistent with amygdalar modulation of hippocampal consolidation.

scholarly journals Dissociation of immediate and delayed effects of emotional arousal on episodic memory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Schümann ◽  
Janine Bayer ◽  
Deborah Talmi ◽  
Tobias Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Noradrenergic System ◽  
System Support ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Emotional Pictures ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
Central Noradrenergic System

AbstractEmotionally arousing events are usually better remembered than neutral ones. This phenomenon is in humans mostly studied by presenting mixed lists of neutral and emotional items. An emotional enhancement of memory is observed in these studies often already immediately after encoding and increases with longer delays and consolidation. A large body of animal research showed that the more efficient consolidation of emotionally arousing events is based on an activation of the central noradrenergic system and the amygdala (Modulation Hypothesis; Roozendaal & McGaugh, 2011). The immediately superior recognition of emotional items is attributed primarily to their attraction of attention during encoding which is also thought to be based on the amygdala and the central noradrenergic system. To investigate whether the amygdala and noradrenergic system support memory encoding and consolidation via shared neural substrates and processes a large sample of participants (n = 690) encoded neutral and arousing pictures. Their memory was tested immediately and after a consolidation delay. In addition, they were genotyped in two relevant polymorphisms (α2B-adrenergic receptor and serotonin transporter). Memory for negative and positive emotional pictures was enhanced at both time points where these enhancements were correlated (immediate r = 0.60 and delayed test r = 0.46). Critically, the effects of emotional arousal on encoding and consolidation correlated only very low (negative r = 0.14 and positive r = 0.03 pictures) suggesting partly distinct underlying processes consistent with a functional heterogeneity of the central noradrenergic system. No effect of genotype on either effect was observed.

Pharmacologically Increasing Sleep Spindles Enhances Recognition for Negative and High-arousal Memories

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1597-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik J. Kaestner ◽  
John T. Wixted ◽  
Sara C. Mednick
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
Sleep Spindle ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Valence And Arousal

Sleep affects declarative memory for emotional stimuli differently than it affects declarative memory for nonemotional stimuli. However, the interaction between specific sleep characteristics and emotional memory is not well understood. Recent studies on how sleep affects emotional memory have focused on rapid eye movement sleep (REM) but have not addressed non-REM sleep, particularly sleep spindles. This is despite the fact that sleep spindles are implicated in declarative memory as well as neural models of memory consolidation (e.g., hippocampal neural replay). Additionally, many studies examine a limited range of emotional stimuli and fail to disentangle differences in memory performance because of variance in valence and arousal. Here, we experimentally increase non-REM sleep features, sleep spindle density, and SWS, with pharmacological interventions using zolpidem (Ambien) and sodium oxybate (Xyrem) during daytime naps. We use a full spread of emotional stimuli to test all levels of valence and arousal. We find that increasing sleep spindle density increases memory discrimination (da) for highly arousing and negative stimuli without altering measures of bias (ca). These results indicate a broader role for sleep in the processing of emotional stimuli with differing effects based on arousal and valence, and they raise the possibility that sleep spindles causally facilitate emotional memory consolidation. These findings are discussed in terms of the known use of hypnotics in individuals with emotional mood disorders.

scholarly journals Rapid and delayed effects of epidermal growth factor on gluconeogenesis

1993 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. 865-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Soler ◽  
M Soley
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Epidermal Growth Factor ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Isolated Hepatocytes ◽  
Delayed Effect ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Mitochondrial Redox State ◽  
Glucose Synthesis ◽  
Epidermal Growth

Most reports on the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on gluconeogenesis have indicated that such effects depend on the substrate used and are only observable after a lag time of 30-40 min. Recently, an immediate and transient effect of EGF on glucose synthesis was described in a perfused liver system. Here we extend the study of the effect of EGF on gluconeogenesis to isolated hepatocytes from fasted rats. The delayed effect of EGF on gluconeogenesis was studied by adding the substrate 40 min after the peptide. Under these conditions EGF increased glucose synthesis from pyruvate, decreased it when the substrate was lactate or glycerol and did not modify gluconeogensis from fructose or dihydroxyacetone. EGF did not affect the metabolic flux through glycolysis, determined as the production of lactate+pyruvate from 30 mM glucose. Furthermore, EGF did not modify the metabolic flux through pyruvate kinase, determined as the production of lactate+pyruvate from 1 mM dihydroxyacetone. The differing effects of EGF on gluconeogenesis depending on the substrate used can be explained by the effects of EGF on the cytosolic redox state (measured as the lactate/pyruvate ratio). About 20 min after the addition of EGF, the mitochondrial redox state (measured as the 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio) decreased. This effect of EGF was blocked by ammonium, which also abolished the effect of the peptide on gluconeogenesis. Thus the effect of EGF at the mitochondrial level appears to be necessary for its effects on gluconeogenesis. Taken together, our results indicate that the delayed effects of EGF on gluconeogenesis are secondary to the effects of the peptide at both the mitochondrial and cytosolic levels. In addition to these delayed effects, we observed that EGF rapidly and transiently stimulated glucose synthesis from lactate, decreased the cytosolic redox state and increased oxygen consumption. All of these rapid effects required the presence of extracellular calcium and disappeared in the presence of rotenone, suggesting that this rapid effect of EGF on gluconeogenesis is secondary to the stimulation of mitochondrial respiration.

scholarly journals Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Emotional Memory Scale

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Fijtman ◽  
Letícia Sanguinetti Czepielewski ◽  
Ana Cláudia Mércio Loredo Souza ◽  
Paul Felder ◽  
Marcia Kauer-Sant'Anna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Negative Selection ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Cross Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Portuguese Version ◽  
Culturally Adapted

Abstract Background Emotional memory is an important type of memory that is triggered by positive and negative emotions. It is characterized by an enhanced memory for emotional stimuli which is usually coupled with a decrease in memory of neutral preceding events. Emotional memory is strongly associated with amygdala function and therefore could be disrupted in neuropsychiatric disorders. To our knowledge, there is no translated and culturally adapted instrument for the Brazilian Portuguese speaking population to assess emotional memory. Objective To report the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Emotional Memory Scale, originally published by Strange et al. in 2003. Methods The author of the original scale provided 36 lists with 16 words each. Translation was performed by three independent bilingual translators. Healthy subjects assessed how semantically related each word was within the list (0 to 10) and what the emotional valence of each word was (-6 to +6). Lists without negative words were excluded (negative selection), most positive and most unrelated words were excluded (positive and semantic selection, respectively), and lists with low semantic relationship were excluded (semantic assessment). Results Five lists were excluded during negative selection, four words from each list were excluded in positive and semantic selection, and 11 lists were excluded during semantic assessment. Finally, we reached 20 lists of semantically related words; each list had one negative word and 11 neutral words. Conclusion A scale is now available to evaluate emotional memory in the Brazilian population and requires further validation on its psychometrics properties.

The Delayed Effect of Parental Control on the Adaptation of Men and Women in Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-303
Author(s):  
Borys A. Yakymchuk ◽  
◽  
Iryna P. Yakymchuk ◽  
Iryna P. Yakymchuk ◽  
Iryna O. Vakhotska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Delayed Effect ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Personal Boundaries ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Paternal Control ◽  
Maternal Autonomy

Parental control is an integral part of parent-child relations and a traditional tool of socialization. However, numerous negative effects of parental intervention in the child’s inner world are known. This study clarifies the delayed effects of parental control and a detached parenting style. 270 men and women are aged 35-44 years filled in the questionnaires of hardiness, the sovereignty of the psychological space, and perceived behavior by the father and mother. The results confirmed the prevalence of parental control, especially its manifestations on the part of mothers about daughters. In adult women's lives, mothers' directiveness correlates with hostility and violation of personal boundaries as regards the body, personal territory, things, habits, social connections, and values; men noted maternal interference in the formation of sovereign habits and values. At the same time, parental non-involvement is widespread; the autonomy of fathers about children is significantly greater than mothers. Correlation analysis confirmed the assumption that parental directivity/autonomy determines the hardiness and sense of integrity of personal boundaries in adulthood. The effect of parental control in adulthood depends on the gender of the children and the parents. Maternal control is a strong negative factor for daughters, while maternal autonomy positively correlates with indicators of hardiness. Paternal control was a neutral factor for daughters. For sons, the directivity of father and mother contributes to the formation of resilience. The conclusion was made about the need for differentiation of positive and negative effects of parental control, taking into account gender positions.

scholarly journals Delayed Effects of a Low-Cost and Large-Scale Summer Reading Intervention on Elementary School Children's Reading Comprehension

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (sup1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Kim ◽  
Jonathan Guryan ◽  
Thomas G. White ◽  
David M. Quinn ◽  
Lauren Capotosto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Reading Intervention ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Summer Reading ◽  
Children's Reading ◽  
Children’S Reading

Therapeutic affect reduction, emotion regulation, and emotional memory reconsolidation: A neuroscientific quandary

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin S. LaBar
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Therapeutic Process ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Memory Reconsolidation ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Precipitating Factor

AbstractLane et al. emphasize the role of emotional arousal as a precipitating factor for successful psychotherapy. However, as therapy ensues, the arousal diminishes. How can the unfolding therapeutic process generate long-term memories for reconsolidated emotional material without the benefit of arousal? Studies investigating memory for emotionally regulated material provide some clues regarding the neural pathways that may underlie therapy-based memory reconsolidation.

Delayed effects of short-term transdermal application of 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone on its metabolites, some hormonal steroids and relevant proteohormones in healthy male volunteers

2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmila Šulcová ◽  
Richard Hampl ◽  
Martin Hill ◽  
Luboslav Stárka ◽  
Alois Nováček
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Hormone Binding ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Delayed Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Healthy Male Volunteers ◽  
Male Volunteers ◽  
Transdermal Application

AbstractTwenty-one healthy male volunteers aged 20–70years were given transdermally 25mg of 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone daily in the form of an emulgel for 8 consecutive days. Morning blood was collected as follows: before application, and after the first, fourth and eighth doses (days 0, 2, 5 and 9), and then at different time intervals after termination of the treatment (days 16, 23, 37, 51, 72 and 100). Cortisol, testosterone, epitestosterone, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate, 7α- and 7β-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and sex hormone-binding globulin were measured in blood sera. In the course of treatment 7β-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone was significantly increased; testosterone and gonadotropins were lowered, but only after the first dose. All other significant changes were observed duringthe period after termination of the application:7β-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone remained increased for 28days, 7α-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin were decreased as late as day 63 and 91, respectively. On the other hand, epitestosterone was significantly increased between days 23 and 100. The levels of all other parameters studied were not significantly changed. The study points to an immediate as well as delayed effect of the short-term transdermal application of 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone on relevant hormonal parameters.

The Neural Substrates of In-Group Bias

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1131-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay J. Van Bavel ◽  
Dominic J. Packer ◽  
William A. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Intergroup Perception ◽  
Amygdala Activity ◽  
Group Members

Classic minimal-group studies found that people arbitrarily assigned to a novel group quickly display a range of perceptual, affective, and behavioral in-group biases. We randomly assigned participants to a mixed-race team and used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify brain regions involved in processing novel in-group and out-group members independently of preexisting attitudes, stereotypes, or familiarity. Whereas previous research on intergroup perception found amygdala activity—typically interpreted as negativity—in response to stigmatized social groups, we found greater activity in the amygdala, fusiform gyri, orbitofrontal cortex, and dorsal striatum when participants viewed novel in-group faces than when they viewed novel out-group faces. Moreover, activity in orbitofrontal cortex mediated the in-group bias in self-reported liking for the faces. These in-group biases in neural activity were not moderated by race or by whether participants explicitly attended to team membership or race, a finding suggesting that they may occur automatically. This study helps clarify the role of neural substrates involved in perceptual and affective in-group biases.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document