scholarly journals Linear motor driven-rotary motion of a membrane-permeabilized ghost in Mycoplasma mobile

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Kinosita ◽  
Makoto Miyata ◽  
Takayuki Nishizaka
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Viscous Friction ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Linear Motor ◽  
Rotary Motion ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Simple Geometry ◽  
Rotational Motions ◽  
Micrometer Scale ◽  
Gliding Movement

AbstractMycoplasma mobile exhibits a smooth gliding movement as does its membrane-permeabilized ghost model. This exceptionally prominent experimental system has allowed us to conclude that the energy source for M. mobile motility is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the gliding is largely comprised of repetitions of unitary steps of about 70 nm. In the present study, we show a new motility mode, in which the ghost model prepared with a high concentration of detergent exhibits directed rotational motions with a constant speed. With a rotational speed and viscous friction of a single ghost, the torque was estimated to be ∼30 pN nm at saturated [ATP]s. Although the origin of the rotation has not been conclusively settled, we found that rotary ghosts treated with sialyllactose, the binding target for leg proteins, were stopped. This result suggested that biomolecules embedded on the cell membrane nonspecifically attaches to the glass and works as a flexible pivot point, and the linear motion of the leg is a driving force for a rotary motion. This simple geometry exemplifies the new mechanism, by which the movement of a linear motor is efficiently converted to a constant rotation of the object on a micrometer scale.

scholarly journals Time Delay and Feedback Control of an Inverted Pendulum With Stick Slip Friction

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Ann Campbell ◽  
Stephanie Crawford ◽  
Kirsten Morris
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Basin Of Attraction ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Viscous Friction ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Friction Model ◽  
Stable Equilibrium Point ◽  
Feedback Controllers ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
The Basin Of Attraction

We consider an experimental system consisting of a pendulum, which is free to rotate 360 degrees, attached to a cart which can move in one dimension. There is stick slip friction between the cart and the track on which it moves. Using two different models for this friction we design feedback controllers to stabilize the pendulum in the upright position. We show that controllers based on either friction model give better performance than one based on a simple viscous friction model. We then study the effect of time delay in this controller, by calculating the critical time delay where the system loses stability and comparing the calculated value with experimental data. Both models lead to controllers with similar robustness with respect to delay. Using numerical simulations, we show that the effective critical time delay of the experiment is much less than the calculated theoretical value because the basin of attraction of the stable equilibrium point is very small.

scholarly journals SUPPORTED LIQUID MEMBRANE WITH STRIP DISPERSION FOR RECOVERING INDIUM FROM ETCHING SOLUTION OF LCD INDUSTRY: INFLUENCE OF FACTORS ON PERFORMANCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Ngan Thi Tuyet Dang ◽  
Kien Trung Tran ◽  
Da-Ming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Liquid Membrane ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Supported Liquid Membrane ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Etching Solution

Supported liquid membrane with strip dispersion (SLMSD) is a promising process for metal recovery from e-waste or waste streams because of many advantages such as the ability to combine extraction and stripping into one single step and thus have non-equilibrium mass transfer characteristics and maximum driving force. This paper investigated the effect of important factors on SLMSD performance to recover indium from etching solution such as: pH of feed solution, extractant (Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA)) concentration, oxalic acid concentration. It was found that 99.5 % In3+ was removed from feed solution in about 20 minutes with high concentration factor (4.5) under suitable conditions (pH 1; 0.6M Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), 2 wt% oxalic acid).

scholarly journals A Methodology to Predict and Optimize Ease of Assembly for Injected Parts in a Family-Mold System

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3065
Author(s):  
Chao-Tsai Huang ◽  
Tsai-Wen Lin ◽  
Wen-Ren Jong ◽  
Shia-Chung Chen
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Observation ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Characteristic Length ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Operation Condition ◽  
Packing Pressure ◽  
Simulation And Experiment ◽  
Assembly Behavior ◽  
Machine Calibration

In this study, the assembly behavior for two injected components made by a family mold system were investigated. Specifically, a feasible method was proposed to evaluate the characteristic length of two components within a family mold system using numerical simulation and experimental validation. Results show that as the packing pressure increases, the product index (characteristic length) becomes worse. This tendency was consistent for both the simulation prediction and experimental observation. However, for the same operation condition setting through a basic test, there were some differences in the product index between the simulation prediction and experimental observation. Specifically, the product index difference of the experimental observation was 1.65 times over that of the simulation prediction. To realize that difference between simulation and experiment, a driving force index (DFI) based on the injection pressure history curve was proposed. Through the DFI investigation, the internal driving force of the experimental system was shown to be 1.59 times over that of the simulation. The DFI was further used as the basis for machine calibration. Furthermore, after finishing machine calibration, the integrated CAE and DOE (called CAE-DOE) strategy can optimize the ease of assembly up to 20%. The result was validated by experimental observation.

A Vision at Six Kannon Lake and Six Kannon/Six Kami in Kyushu

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherry D. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Physical Evidence

The island of Kyushu has an exceptionally high concentration of documentary and physical evidence of past Six Kannon practice in Japan. The miraculous story of the Six Kannon images that appeared at Six Kannon Lake in the Kirishima Mountains fueled the worship of the cult. The varied cult imagery from Kyushu includes the incised bronze sutra container from Chōanji dated to 1141 that had been buried in a mountain in Kunisaki, to a sixteenth-century set from Chōkyūji made by the Shukuin busshi group of sculptors, to the Fumonji seventeenth-century set that had dual Buddhist-kami identities, which was relocated several times over the centuries between different temples and shrines in the Sagara domain. This chapter’s geographic approach makes clear that the strategy of matching Six Kannon with six kami, or six gongen, was a major driving force for the cult in the region of Kyushu.

scholarly journals CONJUGATE TREATMENT OF LEACHATE FROM LANDFILL AND SEWAGE IN DOMESTIC STABILIZATION PONDS

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-161
Author(s):  
Valderi Duarte Leite ◽  
José Tavares De Sousa ◽  
Wilton Silva Lopes ◽  
Elaine Gurjão De Oliveira ◽  
Andrezza Raphaella Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Stabilization Ponds

In Brazil, the per capita generation of municipal solid waste is approximately 0.80kg.hab-1.day-1, which implies daily production of 156 tons, whereas on average 50% of this quantity of waste is composed mainly of putrescible organic material that will contribute to the leachate generation process directly influencing the qualitative and quantitative aspects. Landfill leachate basically originates from the percolation process of different types of water and is considered a wastewater to cause in significant environmental impact on the environment, given in possession of high concentration of ammonia nitrogen, organic matter difficult to biodegradation, metals heavy and xenobiotics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a series of stabilization ponds, the treatment process conjugate of landfill leachate fresh more domestic sewage in the proportion of 1 plus 99% (volume percent), respectively. The experimental system consisted of four stabilization ponds in series, being a facultative pond, followed by three maturation ponds. The applied surface charge (λs) the series of stabilization ponds was 320 kgDBO5 . ha-1.day-1 with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 17 days for the series. The average removal efficiency of BOD5 and ammonia was 69 and 86% respectively, while removing coliform efficiency always in the 99.9% threshold during the monitoring period was 220 days. Overall it can be concluded that treatment conjugate landfill leachate and sewage in stabilization ponds, in northeastern Brazil, is emerging as a promising technological alternative, given the comfortable area availability in northeastern Brazil, conditions climate favorable and the ponds system present low ratio cost / benefit when compared to other waste treatment systems of this nature.

scholarly journals Publisher Correction: Linear motor driven-rotary motion of a membrane-permeabilized ghost in Mycoplasma mobile

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Kinosita ◽  
Makoto Miyata ◽  
Takayuki Nishizaka
Keyword(s):  
Linear Motor ◽  
Rotary Motion

Friction and the Inverted Pendulum Stabilization Problem

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Ann Campbell ◽  
Stephanie Crawford ◽  
Kirsten Morris
Keyword(s):  
Small Amplitude ◽  
Viscous Friction ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Linear Quadratic Regulator ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Friction Model ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Friction Parameters

We consider an experimental system consisting of a pendulum, which is free to rotate 360deg, attached to a cart. The cart can move in one dimension. We study the effect of friction on the design and performance of a feedback controller, a linear quadratic regulator, that aims to stabilize the pendulum in the upright position. We show that a controller designed using a simple viscous friction model has poor performance—small amplitude oscillations occur when the controller is implemented. We consider various models for stick slip friction between the cart and the track and measure the friction parameters experimentally. We give strong evidence that stick slip friction is the source of the small amplitude oscillations. A controller designed using a stick slip friction model stabilizes the system, and the small amplitude oscillations are eliminated.

scholarly journals Drops and bubbles in wedges

2014 ◽  
Vol 748 ◽  
pp. 641-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Reyssat
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Viscous Friction ◽  
Equation Of Motion ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Parallel Plates ◽  
Contact Lines ◽  
Viscous Forces ◽  
Dimensionless Equation ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Spontaneous Migration

AbstractWe investigate experimentally the spontaneous motion of drops and bubbles confined between two plates forming a narrow wedge. Such discoidal objects migrate under the gradient in interfacial energy induced by the non-homogeneous confinement. The resulting capillary driving force is balanced by viscous resistance. The viscous friction on a drop bridging parallel plates is estimated by measuring its sliding velocity under gravity. The viscous forces are the sum of two contributions, from the bulk of the liquid and from contact lines, the relative strength of which depends on the drop size and velocity and the physical properties of the liquid. The balance of capillarity and viscosity quantitatively explains the dynamics of spontaneous migration of a drop in a wedge. Close the tip of the wedge, bulk dissipation dominates and the migrating velocity of drops is constant and independent of drop volume. The distance between the drop and the tip of the wedge is thus linear with time $t$, $x(t) \sim t_0-t$, where $t_0$ is the time at which the drop reaches the tip of the wedge. Far away from the apex, contact lines dominate the friction, the motion is accelerated toward the tip of the wedge and velocities are higher for larger drops. In this regime, it is shown that $x(t) \sim (t_0-t)^{4/13}$. The position and time of the crossover between the two dissipation regimes are used to write a dimensionless equation of motion. Plotted in rescaled variables, all experimental trajectories collapse to the prediction of our model. In contrast to drops, gas bubbles in a liquid-filled wedge behave as non-wetting objects. They thus escape the confinement of the wedge to reduce their surface area. The physical mechanisms involved are similar for drops and bubbles, so that the forces acting have the same mathematical structures in both cases, except for the sign of the capillary driving force and a numerical factor. We thus predict and show experimentally that the trajectories of drops and bubbles obey the same equation of motion, except for a change in the sign of $t_0-t$.

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