scholarly journals RUNX1 safeguards the identity of the fetal ovary through an interplay with FOXL2

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Nicol ◽  
Sara A. Grimm ◽  
Frederic Chalmel ◽  
Estelle Lecluze ◽  
Maëlle Pannetier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Granulosa Cell ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Fate Specification ◽  
Ovarian Granulosa Cells ◽  
Fetal Ovary

AbstractSex determination of the gonads begins with fate specification of gonadal supporting cells into either ovarian granulosa cells or testicular Sertoli cells. This process of fate specification hinges on a balance of transcriptional control. We discovered that expression of the transcription factor RUNX1 is enriched in the fetal ovary in rainbow trout, turtle, mouse, goat and human. In the mouse, RUNX1 marks the supporting cell lineage and becomes granulosa cell-specific as the gonads differentiate. RUNX1 plays complementary/redundant roles with FOXL2 to maintain fetal granulosa cell identity, and combined loss of RUNX1 and FOXL2 results in masculinization of the fetal ovaries. At the chromatin level, RUNX1 occupancy overlaps partially with FOXL2 occupancy in the fetal ovary, suggesting that RUNX1 and FOXL2 target a common set of genes. These findings identify RUNX1, with an ovary-biased pattern conserved across species, as a novel regulator in securing the identity of ovarian supporting cells and the ovary.

scholarly journals RUNX1 maintains the identity of the fetal ovary through an interplay with FOXL2

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Nicol ◽  
Sara A. Grimm ◽  
Frédéric Chalmel ◽  
Estelle Lecluze ◽  
Maëlle Pannetier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Granulosa Cell ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Fate Specification ◽  
Fetal Ovary

Abstract Sex determination of the gonads begins with fate specification of gonadal supporting cells into either ovarian pre-granulosa cells or testicular Sertoli cells. This fate specification hinges on a balance of transcriptional control. Here we report that expression of the transcription factor RUNX1 is enriched in the fetal ovary in rainbow trout, turtle, mouse, goat, and human. In the mouse, RUNX1 marks the supporting cell lineage and becomes pre-granulosa cell-specific as the gonads differentiate. RUNX1 plays complementary/redundant roles with FOXL2 to maintain fetal granulosa cell identity and combined loss of RUNX1 and FOXL2 results in masculinization of fetal ovaries. At the chromatin level, RUNX1 occupancy overlaps partially with FOXL2 occupancy in the fetal ovary, suggesting that RUNX1 and FOXL2 target common sets of genes. These findings identify RUNX1, with an ovary-biased expression pattern conserved across species, as a regulator in securing the identity of ovarian-supporting cells and the ovary.

scholarly journals XY follicle cells in the ovaries of XO/XY and XO/XY/XYY mosaic mice

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 1017-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.J. Palmer ◽  
P.S. Burgoyne
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Determination Process ◽  
Testis Determination

XO/XY and XO/XY/XYY mosaic hermaphrodites were generated from crosses involving BALB/cWt males. The distribution of Y-bearing cells in the gonads of these mice was studied by in situ hybridisation using the Y-specific probe pY353B. XY cells were found to contribute to all cell lineages of the ovary including follicle cells. The proportion of XY follicle cells was not significantly different from the XY contribution to other gonadal or non-gonadal cell lineages. However, this proportion was consistently low, all the hermaphrodites having a low XY contribution to the animal as a whole. Because the XO- and Y-bearing cell lineages are developmentally balanced, the XY follicle cells cannot have formed as a result of a ‘mismatch’ in which the Y-directed testis determination process is pre-empted by an early acting programme of ovarian development. These results are discussed with respect to the hypothesis that Tdy acts in the supporting cell lineage, the lineage from which Sertoli cells and follicle cells are believed to be derived.

Origin and function of embryonic Sertoli cells

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 537-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Barrionuevo ◽  
Miguel Burgos ◽  
Rafael Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Adult Testis ◽  
Myoid Cell ◽  
Testis Development ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Testis Differentiation

AbstractIn the adult testis, Sertoli cells (SCs) are the epithelial supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules that provide germ cells (GCs) with the required nutrients and structural and regulatory support to complete spermatogenesis. SCs also form the blood-testis barrier, phagocytose apoptotic spermatocytes and cell debris derived from spermiogenesis, and produce and secrete numerous paracrine and endocrine signals involved in different regulatory processes. In addition to their essential functions in the adult testis, SCs play a pivotal role during testis development. They are the first cells to differentiate in the embryonic XY gonadal primordium and are involved in the regulation of testis-specific differentiation processes, such as prevention of GC entry into meiosis, Leydig and peritubular myoid cell differentiation, and regression of the Müllerian duct, the anlagen of the uterus, oviducts, and the upper part of the vagina. Expression of the Y-linked gene SRY in pre-SCs initiates a genetic cascade that leads to SC differentiation and subsequently to testis development. Since the identification of the SRY gene, many Sertoli-specific transcription factors and signals underlying the molecular mechanisms of early testis differentiation have been identified. Here, we review the state of the art of the molecular interactions that commit the supporting cell lineage of the gonadal primordium to differentiate as SCs and the subsequent Sertoli-specific signaling pathways involved in early testis differentiation.

scholarly journals PAX2+ Mesenchymal Origin of Gonadal Supporting Cells Is Conserved in Birds

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A. Estermann ◽  
Mylene M. Mariette ◽  
Julie L. M. Moreau ◽  
Alexander N. Combes ◽  
Craig A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Mesenchymal Cell ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Origin ◽  
Germ Cell Differentiation ◽  
Pax2 Expression

During embryonic gonadal development, the supporting cell lineage is the first cell type to differentiate, giving rise to Sertoli cells in the testis and pre-granulosa cells in the ovary. These cells are thought to direct other gonadal cell lineages down the testis or ovarian pathways, including the germline. Recent research has shown that, in contrast to mouse, chicken gonadal supporting cells derive from a PAX2/OSR1/DMRT1/WNT4 positive mesenchymal cell population. These cells colonize the undifferentiated genital ridge during early gonadogenesis, around the time that germ cells migrate into the gonad. During the process of somatic gonadal sex differentiation, PAX2 expression is down-regulated in embryonic chicken gonads just prior to up-regulation of testis- and ovary-specific markers and prior to germ cell differentiation. Most research on avian gonadal development has focused on the chicken model, and related species from the Galloanserae clade. There is a lack of knowledge on gonadal sex differentiation in other avian lineages. Comparative analysis in birds is required to fully understand the mechanisms of avian sex determination and gonadal differentiation. Here we report the first comparative molecular characterization of gonadal supporting cell differentiation in birds from each of the three main clades, Galloanserae (chicken and quail), Neoaves (zebra finch) and Palaeognathe (emu). Our analysis reveals conservation of PAX2+ expression and a mesenchymal origin of supporting cells in each clade. Moreover, down-regulation of PAX2 expression precisely defines the onset of gonadal sex differentiation in each species. Altogether, these results indicate that gonadal morphogenesis is conserved among the major bird clades.

Cell Interactions in the Reproductive System

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-650
Author(s):  
D.W. Fawcett
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Hormonal Stimulation ◽  
Germ Cell Differentiation ◽  
Occluding Junctions ◽  
Fetal Ovary ◽  
Gonadotropic Hormones ◽  
Shape Changes

Gametogenesis in both sexes involves a nurse-cell relationship between an epithelium and the developing gametes. In the female, a lifetime supply of oocytes is formed in the embryo and no new germ cells are formed postnatally. The granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles are believed to be responsible for maintaining the arrest of the oocytes in the fetal ovary in the dictyate stage of meiosis, in which stage they remain until shortly before ovulation many months or years later depending upon the species. Responding to gonadotropic hormones, the granulosa cells then terminate their inhibition, permit maturation of the oocyte, and participate in the reorganization of the follicle that is necessary for ovulation. In the male, the Sertoli cells which are also responsive to hormonal stimulation, maintain in the seminiferous epithelium a special microenvironment which is essential for germ cell differentiation. The cooperative motor activity and associated shape changes of these supporting cells is responsible for the adluminal translocation of the developing germ cells and for the separation of individual spermatozoa from long chains of interconnected cell bodies during sperm release. This paper will review the types and locations of the communicating and occluding junctions that are essential for the complex and highly integrated activities of the epithelia in the mammalian gonads.

Somatic and germ-cell sex in mammals

1988 ◽  
Vol 322 (1208) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Chromosome Constitution ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Male Animal

The phenotypic sex of an individual mammal is determined by the sex of its gonads, i.e. testes or ovaries. This in turn is determined by the presence or absence of a small region of the Y chromosome, located near the X-Y pairing region in man and on the short arm of the Y chromosome in the mouse. The testis-determining region of the Y appears to exert its primary effect by directing the supporting-cell lineage of the gonad to differentiate as Sertoli cells, acting at least in part cell-autonomously. The phenotypic sex of a germ cell, i.e. whether it undergoes spermatogenesis or oogenesis, is determined at least in the mouse by whether or not it enters meiotic prophase before birth. This depends not on its own sex chromosome constitution, but on its cellular environment. A germ cell in or near normal testis cords (made up mainly of Sertoli cells) is inhibited from entering meiosis until after birth; one that escapes this inhibition will develop into an oocyte even if it is in a male animal and is itself XY in chromosome constitution.

INDIREKTE PAPIERCHROMATOGRAPHISCHE METHODE ZUR BESTIMMUNG DER HARNOESTROGENE

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kecskés ◽  
F. Mutschler ◽  
I. Glós ◽  
E. Thán ◽  
I. Farkas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Granulosa Cell ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
List Type ◽  
Granulosa Cell Tumour ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Phenol Fraction ◽  
Qualitative Determination

ABSTRACT 1. An indirect paperchromatographic method is described for separating urinary oestrogens; this consists of the following steps: acidic hydrolysis, extraction with ether, dissociation of phenol-fractions with partition between the solvents. Previous purification of phenol fraction with the aid of paperchromatography. The elution of oestrogen containing fractions is followed by acetylation. Oestrogen acetate is isolated by re-chromatography. The chromatogram was developed after hydrolysis of the oestrogens 'in situ' on the paper. The quantity of oestrogens was determined indirectly, by means of an iron-reaction, after the elution of the iron content of the oestrogen spot, which was developed by the Jellinek-reaction. 2. The method described above is satisfactory for determining urinary oestrogen, 17β-oestradiol and oestriol, but could include 16-epioestriol and other oestrogenic metabolites. 3. The sensitivity of the method is 1.3–1.6 μg/24 hours. 4. The quantitative and qualitative determination of urinary oestrogens with the above mentioned method was performed in 50 pregnant and 9 non pregnant women, and also in 2 patients with granulosa cell tumour.

scholarly journals MERTK-Mediated LC3-Associated Phagocytosis (LAP) of Apoptotic Substrates in Blood-Separated Tissues: Retina, Testis, Ovarian Follicles

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1443
Author(s):  
Marina G. Yefimova ◽  
Celia Ravel ◽  
Antoine D. Rolland ◽  
Nicolas Bourmeyster ◽  
Bernard Jégou
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Tyrosine Kinases ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Ovarian Granulosa Cells ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Efficient Elimination

Timely and efficient elimination of apoptotic substrates, continuously produced during one’s lifespan, is a vital need for all tissues of the body. This task is achieved by cells endowed with phagocytic activity. In blood-separated tissues such as the retina, the testis and the ovaries, the resident cells of epithelial origin as retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE), testis Sertoli cells and ovarian granulosa cells (GC) provide phagocytic cleaning of apoptotic cells and cell membranes. Disruption of this process leads to functional ablation as blindness in the retina and compromised fertility in males and females. To ensure the efficient elimination of apoptotic substrates, RPE, Sertoli cells and GC combine various mechanisms allowing maintenance of tissue homeostasis and avoiding acute inflammation, tissue disorganization and functional ablation. In tight cooperation with other phagocytosis receptors, MERTK—a member of the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)—plays a pivotal role in apoptotic substrate cleaning from the retina, the testis and the ovaries through unconventional autophagy-assisted phagocytosis process LAP (LC3-associated phagocytosis). In this review, we focus on the interplay between TAM RTKs, autophagy-related proteins, LAP, and Toll-like receptors (TLR), as well as the regulatory mechanisms allowing these components to sustain tissue homeostasis and prevent functional ablation of the retina, the testis and the ovaries.

Cell lineage of homeotic mutants of Drosophila

1985 ◽  
Vol 312 (1153) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Homeotic Genes ◽  
Lineage Analysis

The homeotic genes specify the development of specific groups of precursor cells. They establish the correct state of determination of the different primordia. Cell lineage analysis has been particularly useful in studying the mode of action of homeotic genes. The main findings are: (i) most, perhaps all, the homeotic genes are required by every cell of the corresponding primordium (that is, they are cell autonomous); (ii) they act on anatomical units defined by compartment boundaries and including one or more compartments, (iii) most, but not all, homeotic genes are required until the end of the larval period; (iv) the homeotic genes act in combination so that the appropriate development of a given primordium may be established by the contribution of several homeotic genes.

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