scholarly journals Environmental DNA facilitates accurate, indigenous-led, inexpensive, and multi-year population estimates of millions of Eulachon fish

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Pochardt ◽  
Jennifer M. Allen ◽  
Ted Hart ◽  
Sophie D. L. Miller ◽  
Douglas W. Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
Mark Recapture ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractAlthough environmental DNA shed from an organism is now widely used for species detection in a wide variety of contexts, mobilizing environmental DNA for management requires estimation of population size and trends rather than simply assessing presence or absence. However, the efficacy of environmental-DNA-based indices of abundance for long-term population monitoring have not yet been assessed. Here we report on the relationship between six years of mark-recapture population estimates for eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) and ‘eDNA rates,’ which are calculated from the product of stream flow and DNA concentration. Eulachon are a culturally and biologically important anadromous fish that have significantly declined in the southern part of their range but were historically rendered into oil and traded. Both the peak eDNA rate and the area under the curve of the daily eDNA rate were highly predictive of the mark-recapture population estimate, explaining 84.96% and 92.53% of the deviance respectively. Even in the absence of flow correction, the peak of the daily eDNA concentration explained an astonishing 89.53% while the area under the curve explained 90.74% of the deviance. These results support the use of eDNA to monitor eulachon population trends and represent a >80% cost savings over mark-recapture, which could be further increased with automated water sampling, reduced replication, and focused temporal sampling. Due to its logistical ease and affordability, eDNA sampling can facilitate monitoring a larger number of rivers and in remote locations where mark-recapture is infeasible.

scholarly journals Efficacy of environmental DNA to detect and quantify stream tadpoles of Odorrana splendida

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 181798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriko Iwai ◽  
Kiyomi Yasumiba ◽  
Teruhiko Takahara
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
Relationship Patterns ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Lotic Systems ◽  
Frog Species ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Relationship

Environmental DNA (eDNA) can be used to detect and estimate the density of rare or secretive species, especially in aquatic systems. However, the efficacy of eDNA method has not been validated in lotic systems. We examined the efficacy of the eDNA method to detect and estimate abundance and biomass of a stream-dwelling frog species, Odorrana splendida . We conducted eight field surveys over 2 years and obtained 53 water samples from 10 streams with known distribution of O. splendida tadpoles. The eDNA method accurately detected the presence of O. splendida in 79.2% of survey samples. The amount of O. splendida eDNA (copies s −1 ) in the water samples fluctuated seasonally and each site showed different peaks during different seasons. The relationship between the abundance or biomass of tadpoles and the amount of eDNA was significantly positive, but was not strong, probably because of a large difference in the relationship patterns among streams. In lotic systems, water flow might prevent even distribution of eDNA and thus make it difficult to obtain eDNA reflecting its total amount in the water. Sampling a larger amount of water or higher number of subsamples might more accurately reflect the presence and absolute amount of eDNA in water.

scholarly journals Population monitoring for kangaroo management.

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Pople
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Monitoring Tools ◽  
Harvest Strategy ◽  
The Relationship

In wildlife management, the program of monitoring will depend on the management objective. If the objective is damage mitigation, then ideally it is damage that should be monitored. Alternatively, population size (N) can be used as a surrogate for damage, but the relationship between N and damage obviously needs to be known. If the management objective is a sustainable harvest, then the system of monitoring will depend on the harvesting strategy. In general, the harvest strategy in all states has been to offer a quota that is a constant proportion of population size. This strategy has a number of advantages over alternative strategies, including a low risk of over- or underharvest in a stochastic environment, simplicity, robustness to bias in population estimates and allowing harvest policy to be proactive rather than reactive. However, the strategy requires an estimate of absolute population size that needs to be made regularly for a fluctuating population. Trends in population size and in various harvest statistics, while of interest, are secondary. This explains the large research effort in further developing accurate estimation methods for kangaroo populations. Direct monitoring on a large scale is costly. Aerial surveys are conducted annually at best, and precision of population estimates declines with the area over which estimates are made. Management at a fine scale (temporal or spatial) therefore requires other monitoring tools. Indirect monitoring through harvest statistics and habitat models, that include rainfall or a greenness index from satellite imagery, may prove useful.

Seizure Forecasting Using Long-Term Electroencephalography and Electrocardiogram Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150039
Author(s):  
Wenjuan Xiong ◽  
Ewan S. Nurse ◽  
Elisabeth Lambert ◽  
Mark J. Cook ◽  
Tatiana Kameneva
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Continuous Eeg ◽  
Electrographic Seizures ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ecg Data

Electroencephalography (EEG) has been used to forecast seizures with varying success. There is an increasing interest to use electrocardiogram (ECG) to help with seizure forecasting. The neural and cardiovascular systems may exhibit critical slowing, which is measured by an increase in variance and autocorrelation of the system, when change from a normal state to an ictal state. To forecast seizures, the variance and autocorrelation of long-term continuous EEG and ECG data from 16 patients were used for analysis. The average period of recordings was 161.9 h, with an average of 9 electrographic seizures in an individual patient. The relationship between seizure onset times and phases of variance and autocorrelation in EEG and ECG data was investigated. The results of forecasting models using critical slowing features, seizure circadian features, and combined critical slowing and circadian features were compared using the receiver-operating characteristic curve. The results demonstrated that the best forecaster was patient-specific and the average area under the curve (AUC) of the best forecaster across patients was 0.68. In 50% of patients, circadian forecasters had the best performance. Critical slowing forecaster performed best in 19% of patients. Combined forecaster achieved the best performance in 31% of patients. The results of this study may help to advance the field of seizure forecasting and lead to the improved quality of life of people who suffer from epilepsy.

Detection of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) by environmental DNA: is eDNA adequate for reptiles?

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Raemy ◽  
Sylvain Ursenbacher
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
Emys Orbicularis ◽  
Pond Turtle ◽  
Artificial Ponds ◽  
Specific Species

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of combining molecular technologies with environmental sampling to detect various vertebrate species in aquatic ecosystems. The European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) is a threatened and elusive aquatic reptile with shy behaviour. We aimed to develop and evaluate a methodology to detect the presence of this secretive aquatic reptile in ponds from environmental water samples. First, we determined that reptilian DNA can be isolated and amplified from water samples in artificial and natural ponds with known turtle density. Then we compared the potential of two water sampling methods (through filtration or precipitation) and found no significant differences between these approaches. Finally, we demonstrated that the eDNA concentration detected is not correlated with the number of E. orbicularis individuals or biomass. Detection of eDNA was higher in artificial ponds with small volumes of water or in the shallow waters of natural ponds. The eDNA-based methodology aims to detect the presence of specific species, even at low density, with better accuracy than visual observation. However, our study indicates that this method of population monitoring should be applied with caution to aquatic reptiles.

scholarly journals Results of the 10-Year Monitoring of Bat (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) Winter Aggregation from the North-Eastern Ukraine (Liptsy Mines, Kharkiv Region)

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 395-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vlaschenko ◽  
A. Naglov
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
The North ◽  
Diffi Cult ◽  
Yearly Average ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Monitoring of bats in hibernacula is a key element for the estimation of long-term population trends in Northern hemisphere bats. However, there is currently limited winter bat monitoring data from Ukraine, making long-term population estimates diffi cult. We present data on bat population monitoring in the largest bat hibernacula in North-Eastern Ukraine (Liptsy mines). Between 1999-2010 we conducted 115 censuses inside the three mines and counted 1150 specimens of M. daubentonii, M. dasycneme and P. auritus. 385 individuals of the same species were captured by mist-nets (39 nights). Th e yearly average temperature in the Liptsy 1 mine is close to the mean of annual temperature in the Kharkiv Region (about +7 .C); the humidity ranged from 85-100 %. Th e mean number of bats counted in a visit ranged from 1.4 to 4.9 bats, and 28 in one case. Great fl uctuations in bat number were noted in Liptsy 1 and Liptsy 3-4 mines. Th ere were high bat numbers (up to one hundred individuals on average) in the winters 2000- 2001 and 2007-2008, and low bat number in winters 2002-2003 and 2003-2004. Th e species relative abundance for M. daubentoniiwas - 75-90 %, P. auritus - 7-20 %, M. dasycneme - 1-10 % respectively.

Multi-Center Calibration of the Second Reference Material for Thromboplastin, Rabbit, Plain, Coded CRM 149R

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (03) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryIn a collaborative trial of eleven laboratories which was performed mainly within the framework of the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), a second reference material for thromboplastin, rabbit, plain, was calibrated against its predecessor RBT/79. This second reference material (coded CRM 149R) has a mean International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of 1.343 with a standard error of the mean of 0.035. The standard error of the ISI was determined by combination of the standard errors of the ISI of RBT/79 and the slope of the calibration line in this trial.The BCR reference material for thromboplastin, human, plain (coded BCT/099) was also included in this trial for assessment of the long-term stability of the relationship with RBT/79. The results indicated that this relationship has not changed over a period of 8 years. The interlaboratory variation of the slope of the relationship between CRM 149R and RBT/79 was significantly lower than the variation of the slope of the relationship between BCT/099 and RBT/79. In addition to the manual technique, a semi-automatic coagulometer according to Schnitger & Gross was used to determine prothrombin times with CRM 149R. The mean ISI of CRM 149R was not affected by replacement of the manual technique by this particular coagulometer.Two lyophilized plasmas were included in this trial. The mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and CRM 149R based on the two lyophilized plasmas was the same as the corresponding slope based on fresh plasmas. Tlowever, the mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and BCT/099 based on the two lyophilized plasmas was 4.9% higher than the mean slope based on fresh plasmas. Thus, the use of these lyophilized plasmas induced a small but significant bias in the slope of relationship between these thromboplastins of different species.

Risk Attitude and Corporate Investment under Output Market Uncertainty: Evidence from The Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

2016 ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Ninh Le Khuong ◽  
Nghiem Le Tan ◽  
Tho Huynh Huu
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Market Uncertainty ◽  
Firm Investment ◽  
Output Market ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This paper aims to detect the impact of firm managers’ risk attitude on the relationship between the degree of output market uncertainty and firm investment. The findings show that there is a negative relationship between these two aspects for risk-averse managers while there is a positive relationship for risk-loving ones, since they have different utility functions. Based on the findings, this paper proposes recommendations for firm managers to take into account when making investment decisions and long-term business strategies as well.

Using Long-Term Population Monitoring Data to Prioritize Conservation Action among Rare Plant Species

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly L. Bernardo ◽  
Pati Vitt ◽  
Rachel Goad ◽  
Susanne Masi ◽  
Tiffany M. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Data ◽  
Rare Plant ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
Rare Plant Species

Financial Folly and Spain’s Black Legend

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Drelichman ◽  
Hans-Joachim Voth
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Great Flexibility ◽  
Loan Contracts ◽  
Historical Tradition ◽  
Black Legend ◽  
Contractual Obligations ◽  
The Relationship

This epilogue argues that Castile was solvent throughout Philip II's reign. A complex web of contractual obligations designed to ensure repayment governed the relationship between the king and his bankers. The same contracts allowed great flexibility for both the Crown and bankers when liquidity was tight. The risk of potential defaults was not a surprise; their likelihood was priced into the loan contracts. As a consequence, virtually every banking family turned a profit over the long term, while the king benefited from their services to run the largest empire that had yet existed. The epilogue then looks at the economic history version of Spain's Black Legend. The economic history version of the Black Legend emerged from a combination of two narratives: a rich historical tradition analyzing the decline of Spain as an economic and military power from the seventeenth century onward, combined with new institutional analysis highlighting the unconstrained power of the monarch.

QUALITY OF LIFE PROBLEMS OF GYNECOLOGICAL CANCER PATIENTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-374
Author(s):  
Olga Churuksaeva ◽  
Larisa Kolomiets
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Gynecological Cancer ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Cancer Data ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
Anticancer Treatment ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Relationship

Due to improvements in short- and long-term clinical outcomes a study of quality of life is one of the most promising trends in oncology today. This review analyzes the published literature on problems dealing with quality of life of patients with gynecological cancer. Data on quality of life with respect to the extent of anticancer treatment as well as psychological and social aspects are presented. The relationship between quality of life and survival has been estimated.

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