scholarly journals Rapid evolution and biogeographic spread in a colorectal cancer

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao M Alves ◽  
Sonia Prado-Lopez ◽  
Jose Manuel Cameselle-Teijeiro ◽  
David Posada
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Metastatic Colonization ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tumoral Cells ◽  
Detailed Picture ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTHow and when tumoral clones start spreading to surrounding and distant tissues is currently unclear. Here, we leveraged a model-based evolutionary framework to investigate the demographic and biogeographic history of a colorectal cancer. Our analyses strongly support an early monoclonal metastatic colonization, followed by a rapid population expansion at both primary and secondary sites. Moreover, we infer a hematogenous metastatic spread seemingly under positive selection, plus the return of some tumoral cells from the liver back to the colon lymph nodes. This study illustrates how sophisticated techniques typical of organismal evolution can provide a detailed picture of the complex tumoral dynamics over time and space.

scholarly journals Rapid evolution and biogeographic spread in a colorectal cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao M. Alves ◽  
Sonia Prado-López ◽  
José Manuel Cameselle-Teijeiro ◽  
David Posada
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Positive Selection ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Metastatic Colonization ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tumoral Cells ◽  
Over Time

Abstract How and when tumoral clones start spreading to surrounding and distant tissues is currently unclear. Here we leveraged a model-based evolutionary framework to investigate the demographic and biogeographic history of a colorectal cancer. Our analyses strongly support an early monoclonal metastatic colonization, followed by a rapid population expansion at both primary and secondary sites. Moreover, we infer a hematogenous metastatic spread under positive selection, plus the return of some tumoral cells from the liver back to the colon lymph nodes. This study illustrates how sophisticated techniques typical of organismal evolution can provide a detailed, quantitative picture of the complex tumoral dynamics over time and space.

scholarly journals The role of Central American barriers in shaping the evolutionary history of the northernmost glassfrog,Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni(Anura: Centrolenidae)

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Mendoza ◽  
Wilmar Bolívar-García ◽  
Ella Vázquez-Domínguez ◽  
Roberto Ibáñez ◽  
Gabriela Parra Olea
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Central America ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Central American ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

The complex geological history of Central America has been useful for understanding the processes influencing the distribution and diversity of multiple groups of organisms. Anurans are an excellent choice for such studies because they typically exhibit site fidelity and reduced movement. The objective of this work was to identify the impact of recognized geographic barriers on the genetic structure, phylogeographic patterns and divergence times of a wide-ranging amphibian species,Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni. We amplified three mitochondrial regions, two coding (COI and ND1) and one ribosomal (16S), in samples collected from the coasts of Veracruz and Guerrero in Mexico to the humid forests of Chocó in Ecuador. We examined the biogeographic history of the species through spatial clustering analyses (Geneland and sPCA), Bayesian and maximum likelihood reconstructions, and spatiotemporal diffusion analysis. Our data suggest a Central American origin ofH. fleischmanniand two posterior independent dispersals towards North and South American regions. The first clade comprises individuals from Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and the sister speciesHyalinobatrachium tatayoi; this clade shows little structure, despite the presence of the Andes mountain range and the long distances between sampling sites. The second clade consists of individuals from Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and eastern Honduras with no apparent structure. The third clade includes individuals from western Honduras, Guatemala, and Mexico and displays deep population structure. Herein, we synthesize the impact of known geographic areas that act as barriers to glassfrog dispersal and demonstrated their effect of differentiatingH. fleischmanniinto three markedly isolated clades. The observed genetic structure is associated with an initial dispersal event from Central America followed by vicariance that likely occurred during the Pliocene. The southern samples are characterized by a very recent population expansion, likely related to sea-level and climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene, whereas the structure of the northern clade has probably been driven by dispersal through the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and isolation by the Motagua–Polochic–Jocotán fault system and the Mexican highlands.

scholarly journals The evolution of lower gastrointestinal endoscopy: where are we now?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 263177452097959
Author(s):  
Arun Sivananthan ◽  
Ben Glover ◽  
Lakshmana Ayaru ◽  
Kinesh Patel ◽  
Ara Darzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diagnostic Technologies ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Fundamental Design

Lower gastrointestinal endoscopy has evolved over time, fulfilling a widening diagnostic and therapeutic remit. As our understanding of colorectal cancer and its prevention has improved, endoscopy has progressed with improved diagnostic technologies and advancing endoscopic therapies. Despite this, the fundamental design of the endoscope has remained similar since its inception. This review presents the important role lower gastrointestinal endoscopy serves in the prevention of colorectal cancer and the desirable characteristics of the endoscope that would enhance this. A brief history of the endoscope is presented. Current and future robotic endoscopic platforms, which may fulfil these desirable characteristics, are discussed. The incorporation of new technologies from allied scientific disciplines will help the endoscope fulfil its maximum potential in preventing the increasing global burden of colorectal cancer. There are a number of endoscopic platforms under development, which show significant promise.

Assessing 12 or more lymph nodes increases the proportion of stage III disease in colorectal cancer (CRC): Evidence from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer registry

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 4016-4016
Author(s):  
Q. Cai ◽  
P. A. Sullivan ◽  
Y. Yeh ◽  
M. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Tumor Size ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Nccn Guidelines ◽  
Improve Accuracy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

4016 Background: NCCN guidelines (2001) recommend assessment of ≥12 lymph nodes (LN) to improve accuracy of CRC staging. The impact of aggressive LN sampling on CRC staging has not been explored rigorously to date. This study examines variations in CRC staging by number of LN assessed. Methods: 299,242 patients from SEER aged ≥18 years diagnosed with CRC during 1990–2003 were included. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between sampling ≥12 LN (vs. <12) and staging, adjusting for age, sex, race, region, tumor size and grade, and year of SEER entry. Results: Patients who had ≥12 LN sampled were 1.3 times more likely to be diagnosed with stage III than stage II CRC [95% CI 1.28–1.34, p< .01]. The odds of being staged as III versus II increased over time [OR=1.01, 95% CI 1.01–1.02, p< .01]. However, the introduction of the NCCN guidelines was not associated with nodal sampling. Conclusion: The proportion of CRC patients who received appropriate sampling with most recent data available is unacceptably low. The significant increase in stage III patients who had ≥12 LN sampled may increase the proportion of patients considered for aggressive treatments. Because accuracy of staging is improved with nodal sampling, clinicians will be better positioned to treat patients if LN sampling recommendations are followed. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]

Temporal trends in colorectal cancer screening (CRCS).

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 356-356
Author(s):  
Siddhartha Das ◽  
Leo Chen ◽  
Winson Y. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
California Health Interview Survey ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Rural Residence ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Health Insurance Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

356 Background: The rate of CRCS continues to be suboptimal. Our study objectives were to characterize temporal trends in CRCS in general and within specific subpopulations and identify clinical and system factors that pose barriers to CRCS. Methods: Data from respondents aged ≥50 years who were classified as average risk (no personal or family history of colorectal cancer) from the 2001 to 2009 California Health Interview Survey were analyzed. Up-to-date CRCS was defined as having had a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy within the past 10 years. Using multivariate regression analyses that adjusted for confounders, rates of CRCS over consecutive periods of 2 calendar years were determined. Stratified analyses that explored for effect modification based on gender, ethnicity, smoking history, educational attainment, income level, health insurance status, and urban vs. rural residence were conducted. Results: A total of 126,873 screening-eligible respondents was included: median age was 63 years (range 50-85); 50,303 (46%) were men, and 95,534 (63%) were white. In the entire cohort, only 73,589 (55%) reported up-to-date CRCS. Over time, there was a significant trend towards increased CRCS, ranging from 48% in 2001 to 61% in 2009 (p<0.01). After adjusting for confounding variables, this trend persisted with higher odds of up-to-date CRCS in more recent years (see Table). Specific characteristics were associated with decreased likelihood of CRCS: women (OR 0.63), low education (OR 0.72), poor income (OR 0.84), no insurance (OR 0.44), and rural residence (OR 0.93) (p<0.01 for all). Temporal increases in CRCS were most prominent in particular groups, such as women (OR 3.55 in 2009 vs. 2001) and the uninsured (OR 11.48 in 2009 vs. 2001) (p<0.01 for both). Conclusions: Although CRCS improved over time, there is still room for significant improvement. Temporal increases in CRCS were most substantial among women and the uninsured. Interventions used to improve CRCS in these groups should be harnessed and implemented within other minorities to enhance screening. [Table: see text]

Opportunistic Colorectal Cancer Screening using Colonoscopy. Comparative Results between two Historical Cohorts in Bucharest, Romania

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Mirela Ionescu ◽  
Tudor Nicolaie ◽  
Serban Ion Gologan ◽  
Ana Mocanu ◽  
Cristina Ditescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Advanced Adenoma ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Organized Screening Program ◽  
History Of ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Second Period

Background & Aims: Even though Romania has one of the highest incidence and mortality in colorectal cancer (CRC) in Europe, there is currently no organized screening program. We aimed to assess the results of our opportunistic CRC screening using colonoscopy.Methods: A single center retrospective study to include all opportunistic screening colonoscopies performed in two 18 month periods (2007-2008 and 2012-2013) was designed. All asymptomatic individuals without a personal or family history of adenoma or CRC and with complete colonoscopy performed in these two time periods were included.Results: We included 1,807 individuals, 882 in the first period, 925 in the second period. There were 389 individuals aged below 50, 1,351 between 50 and 75 and 67 older than 75 years. There were 956 women (52.9%), with a mean age of 58.5 (median 59, range 23-97). The detection rates were 12.6% for adenomas (6.1% for advanced adenoma) and 3.4% for adenocarcinoma. Adenoma incidence (4.9% in subjects under 50, 14.7% in those aged 50 to 75, and 16.4% in those older than 75, p<0.0001) and size (6.3mm in subjects younger than 50, 9.2mm in those 50 to 75 and 10.8mm in those older than 75, p=0.015) significantly increased with age. Adenoma incidence increased in the second period (14.8% vs. 10.3%, p=0.005), while adenoma size decreased in the second period (8.4mm vs. 10mm, p=0.006). There were no procedure related complications.Conclusions: The neoplasia detection rate was 16% (12.6% adenoma, 3.4% adenocarcinoma). Adenoma incidence and size increased with age in both cohorts. In the second screening period significantly more and smaller adenomas were detected.

The Path of Standard Albanian Language Formation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Sindorela Doli Kryeziu
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Language History ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Cultural Body ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Language Literature

Abstract In our paper we will talk about the whole process of standardization of the Albanian language, where it has gone through a long historical route, for almost a century.When talking about standard Albanian language history and according to Albanian language literature, it is often thought that the Albanian language was standardized in the Albanian Language Orthography Congress, held in Tirana in 1972, or after the publication of the Orthographic Rules (which was a project at that time) of 1967 and the decisions of the Linguistic Conference, a conference of great importance that took place in Pristina, in 1968. All of these have influenced chronologically during a very difficult historical journey, until the standardization of the Albanian language.Considering a slightly wider and more complex view than what is often presented in Albanian language literature, we will try to describe the path (history) of the standard Albanian formation under the influence of many historical, political, social and cultural factors that are known in the history of the Albanian people. These factors have contributed to the formation of a common state, which would have, over time, a common standard language.It is fair to think that "all activity in the development of writing and the Albanian language, in the field of standardization and linguistic planning, should be seen as a single unit of Albanian culture, of course with frequent manifestations of specific polycentric organization, either because of divisions within the cultural body itself, or because of the external imposition"(Rexhep Ismajli," In Language and for Language ", Dukagjini, Peja, 1998, pp. 15-18.)

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