Metabolic control and future opportunities for growth regulation

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Reeds
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Human Obesity ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Growth Of Animals

The last 10 years have seen a significant expansion in the scope of attempts to manipulate the growth of animals (Buttery, Lindsay and Haynes, 1986). The expansion of interest has been driven by a number of factors, both economic and theoretical. At the economic level the need to develop energetically and economically efficient strategies of animal production has been coupled with a renewed awareness of the implications for human health of excessive intakes of saturated fats. Emphasis then has switched from the maximization of weight gain as an end in itself towards a need to promote protein deposition at any given intake and, at the same time, to reduce the fat content of meat and meat products. These twin objectives might be achieved by one of three strategies: the promotion of protein deposition alone, because at any given rate of weight gain this will tend to minimize the rate of fat deposition (the so-called repartitioning effect); the reduction of fat gain (an approach that has received particularly close attention by those concerned primarily with human obesity); or ideally the simultaneous promotion of protein accretion and depression of that of fat.

PAINFUL TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS ARE AN URGENT HEALTHCARE PROBLEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Kirsanov S.I.
Keyword(s):  
Temporomandibular Disorders ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Masticatory Muscles ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Maxillofacial Region ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
High Prevalence

Despite nearly a century of research on diseases affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles and associated structures, this problem still remains open. Pain syndrome caused by TMJ diseases ranks first in terms of prevalence among non-odontogenic pain syn-dromes in the maxillofacial region and leads to a signifi-cant deterioration in the quality of life of patients. The high prevalence of these diseases in female patients and the presence of a number of factors of a somatic, psycho-logical and social nature, contributing to such a high prevalence, indicate the need for more close attention of researchers to these aspects, which can become a way to develop new effective methods for the diagnosis and treatment of TMJ diseases in this category of patients. A review of scientific literature was carried out in order to identify topical scientific issues related to the study, di-agnosis and treatment of TMJ diseases.

The effects of altering dietary fatty acid and vitamin E content on the chemical, physical and organoleptic quality of pig meat and fat

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 30-30
Author(s):  
C.O. Leskanich ◽  
K.R. Matthews ◽  
C.C. Warkup ◽  
R.C. Noble
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Affecting Factors

The tissues of animals for food use have come to be associated with a predominance of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, the result of which has been to contribute to the perceived human dietary imbalance of fatty acids. The fact that porcine tissues assume a fatty acid composition similar to that of the respective diet has enabled the composition to be altered with respect to human dietary needs (Morgan et al, 1992). The fatty acid compositions of rapeseed and fish oils are characterised by a number of factors of relevance to human health recommendations (BNF, 1992). Thus, rapeseed oil contains a low content of saturates, a moderate content of linoleic acid and a high content of α-linolenic acid whilst fish oil contains high levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Although benefiting the nutritional value of meat/fat, the feeding of increased levels of highly polyunsaturated fatty acids has the potential, in theory at least, of adversely affecting organoleptic and various physical properties. Such adverse effects could be manifested during and/or after the preparation and cooking of the meat or meat products at which times the oxidative degradation of fatty acids is maximised. The inclusion of dietary vitamin E has a range of beneficial effects on meat quality principally due to its antioxidant effects. The present experiment was an attempt to optimise the fatty acid composition of pork and pork products for human health purposes whilst not adversely affecting factors controlling consumer acceptability.

scholarly journals Metabolizable energy levels in diets with a fixed nutrient: calorie ratio for free-range broilers

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 4009-4022
Author(s):  
Thiago Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
◽  
Karina Márcia Ribeiro de Souza Nascimento ◽  
Charles Kiefer ◽  
Luanna Lopes Paiva Copat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Deposition

The present study proposes to examine the effect of dietary levels of metabolizable energy, under a fixed nutrient:calorie ratio, on the production performance; body fat and protein deposition; and carcass characteristics of free-range broilers from 1 to 84 days of age. Nine hundred unsexed chicks were allocated to six treatments in a completely randomized design with six replicates of 25 birds each. Treatments consisted of diets with varying levels of metabolizable energy (2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 Kcal ME/kg of diet) and a fixed proportion of nutrients relative to the energy level according to the nutritional requirements for each rearing phase. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, production viability, metabolizable energy intake, protein intake, lysine intake, body fat deposition, body protein deposition and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and, later, to regression analysis. Increasing levels of metabolizable energy, coupled with a fixed nutrient:calorie ratio, reduced feed intake, increased body weight and weight gain, improved feed conversion and did not affect carcass characteristics. In conclusion, adjusting the nutrient supply according to the dietary energy level improves production performance by improving feed conversion, ensuring adequate nutrient intake and preserving fat and protein deposition in the carcass when the metabolizable energy level is raised up to 3200 Kcal/kg in all rearing stages.

scholarly journals Productive performance, body chemical composition, and deposition of 42-day-old quail for meat subjected to quantitative dietary restriction

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiane De Oliveira Grieser ◽  
Simara Márcia Marcato ◽  
Mariana Fátima Zanon Ferreira ◽  
Taciana Maria de Oliveira-Bruxel ◽  
Vittor Zancanela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

This study aimed to assess the effect of quantitative dietary restriction during refeeding on the performance, body chemical composition, and deposition, weight gain of organs and carcass parts of quails reared for meat (Coturnix coturnix coturnix). A total of 144 quails, between 11 to 42 days old, were distributed in a completely randomized design, 4x2 factorial scheme, at four levels of feed restriction (ad libitum, 30%, 50% and 70% restrictions on the daily intake ad libitum) for both genders. Therefore, there was eight treatments with three replicates and six birds each. At the tenth day of age, the animals were housed in cages, where remained for four days under adaptation. Dietary restriction was applied between the days 15 and 35 while refeeding was carried out from day 36 to 42. Compensatory weight gain (CWG), i.e. weight gain of organs and carcass parts, and feed efficiency (FE) were improved for quails under feed restriction. Fat (F), crude protein (CP), protein deposition rate (PDR) and fat in females (FDf) and carcass retained energy in females (CREf) increased linearly as restriction levels decreased. Maximum estimates of feed intake for males (MFIm), compensatory weight gain for males (CWGm) and females (CWGf), feed efficiency for males (FEm), protein deposition for males (PDm) and carcass retained energy in males (CREm) were obtained with restriction levels of 43.56%, 30.56%, 63.93%, 62.63%, 80.25%, 1.94% and 09.34% if compared to ad libitum, respectively. As a result, we concluded that according to quantitative feed restriction level, significant increases in feed efficiency and body weight gain, as well as decreases in carcass fat throughout quail refeeding period. As for gender, given the existing sexual dimorphism, females lost greater body weight than males under dietary restriction, besides showing higher protein and fat gains in the carcass and an enhanced feed efficiency during refeeding.

Options at the fundamental level for growth regulation in farm livestock

1997 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 22-22
Author(s):  
P. J. Reeds
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Farm Livestock ◽  
Stimulation Of

New developments in immunological techniques and increasing expertise in genetic manipulation, especially by gene transfer, have opened up a wide variety of approaches to the manipulation of the growth and metabolism of farm livestock. However, the most effective use of these techniques and the design of new pharmacological agents for growth promotion and nutrient “repartitioning” might well rest on a greater understanding of the factors and cellular mechanisms that coordinate growth and protein anabolism. It is this coordidnation that must be disturbed if persistent gains are to bke made. This greater understanding may well result from an examination of the mechanisms whereby currently available anabolic agents and techniques exert their effects and this paper will draw on these experiences. Growth is clearly a closely coordinated process and this has hampered many attempts to maintain accelerated protein deposition for long periods. For example forced increases in hormonal concentrations often induce hormonal insensitivity. It is possible that understanding and reducing the constraints on growth for example by reducing the levels of suppressive factors rather than concentrating on the active stimulation of anabolic factors may be more effective.

scholarly journals Key factors affecting consumption of meat and meat products from perspective of Slovak consumers

10.5219/1198 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1001-1012
Author(s):  
Kristína Predanocyová ◽  
Ľubica Kubicová ◽  
Zdenka Kádeková ◽  
Ingrida Košičiarová
Keyword(s):  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fish Meat ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Daily Diet

Nowadays, meat and meat products are considered as a part of the daily diet of most people. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with meat and meat products and their consumption according to individual types of meat. Based on the above, the paper is focused on the issue of consumption of individual types of meat in the Slovak Republic and the identification of key factors affecting the consumption of meat and meat products from Slovak consumers' point of view. Secondary and primary data is used to fulfil the aim of the paper. Secondary data is obtained from the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic, on the basis of which the development of consumption of individual types of meat is predicted by 2020. It can be stated that poultry and pork meat and meat products consumption is constantly increasing and there is a slight change in beef and fish meat and meat products consumption, which is currently at a very low level. In the context of the above, a questionnaire survey is realised and based on its results it could be concluded that the price is a main reason for the inadequate consumption of different types of meat. However, consumers consume meat and meat products mainly because of taste, which can be considered as an aspect of irrationality in the diet of Slovak consumers. Furthermore, a number of factors affecting the purchase and consumption of meat and meat products have been identified. The results show rational and irrational aspects in the decision making of Slovak consumers. The most important factor is the quality of meat and meat products, which consumers perceive differently, mainly on the basis of their own personality and other aspects of meat quality (price, origin, freshness, and sensory characteristics of meat). Other important factors are the perception of composition, freshness, price and country of origin.

Increased growth and protein deposition in rats treated with antibodies to adipocytes

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (6) ◽  
pp. E985-E989 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Panton ◽  
C. Futter ◽  
S. Kestin ◽  
D. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Adipose Tissue Depots ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
And Control ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies

Young growing rats treated with an antiserum to adipocytes showed marked reductions in several adipose tissue depots but surprisingly demonstrated increased body weight gain. During the first 3 wk after treatment body weight gain increased by 17% with no effect on food intake, whereas during weeks 3-7 body weight gain increased by 40-50% and was accompanied by a 15% increase in food intake. These animals thus exhibited increased food conversion efficiencies (intake/gain) of approximately 15-20% for almost 2 mo. Subsequently, food intake and body weight gain returned to normal (although body weight remained elevated) up to 6 mo. By this time several fat depots were still reduced in size, although total (chemical) fat was identical in treated and control groups. These results suggest that 1) reduction of body fat depots can be achieved using antibodies to adipocytes, 2) compensatory increases in lean body mass can occur, and 3) total fat mass may be regulated.

scholarly journals The Current Host Range of Hepatitis E Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott P Kenney
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Primary Host ◽  
Human Specific

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen transmitting both human to human via the fecal oral route and from animals to humans through feces, direct contact, and consumption of contaminated meat products. Understanding the host range of the virus is critical for determining where potential threats to human health may be emerging from and where potential reservoirs for viral persistence in the environment may be hiding. Initially thought to be a human specific disease endemic to developing countries, the identification of swine as a primary host for genotypes 3 and 4 HEV in industrialized countries has begun a long journey of discovering novel strains of HEV and their animal hosts. As we continue identifying new strains of HEV in disparate animal species, it is becoming abundantly clear that HEV has a broad host range and many of these HEV strains can cross between differing animal species. These cross-species transmitting strains pose many unique challenges to human health as they are often unrecognized as sources of viral transmission.

scholarly journals Lysine requirement for tambaqui juveniles

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 2157
Author(s):  
Janayra Cardoso Silva ◽  
Marcos Antonio Delmondes Bomfim ◽  
Eduardo Arruda Teixeira Lanna ◽  
Felipe Barbosa Ribeiro ◽  
Jefferson Costa de Siqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Formulated Diets

The aim of this study was to determine the requirement for lysine in the diet of juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). In total, 750 juvenile fish (0.34 ± 0.02g) were distributed in tanks arranged in a randomized block design with six treatments, five replications in two blocks, and 25 fish per unit, for 50 d. Six levels of digestible lysine were tested (1.30, 1.48, 1.66, 1.84, 2.02, and 2.20%), in formulated diets based on the ideal protein concept. The performance, feed efficiency, daily deposition of protein and body fat, and nitrogen retention efficiency of the fish were evaluated. The consumption of rations and protein, specific growth rate, body composition, and deposition of body fat were not influenced by the lysine levels tested. The consumption of digestible lysine increased linearly and the efficiency of digestible lysine for weight gain decreased linearly with the increase in lysine levels. The levels of digestible lysine that optimized weight gain and body protein deposition were estimated at 1.73 and 1.78%, respectively. The feed conversion and nitrogen retention efficiency were most improved at 1.66% and 1.84%, respectively. The recommended level of dietary lysine for providing better weight gain and body protein deposition in juvenile tambaqui is 1.78%, equivalent to 2.00% total lysine.

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