Usefulness of a familiarity signal during recognition depends on test format: Neurocognitive evidence for a core assumption of the CLS framework

AbstractFamiliarity-based discrimination between studied target items and similar foils in yes/no recognition memory tests is relatively poor. According to the complementary learning systems (CLS) framework this is due do a relatively small difference in familiarity strength between these two item classes. The model, however, also predicts that when targets and corresponding similar foils are presented next to each other in a forced-choice corresponding (FCC) test format, familiarity values for targets and foils can be directly compared because in each trial, targets are reliably more familiar than their corresponding foils. In contrast, when forced-choice displays contain non-corresponding foils (FCNC) which are similar to other studied items (but not the target), familiarity should not be diagnostic because familiarity values are not directly comparable (as in yes/no-tasks). We compared ERP old/new effects (ERPs of targets vs. foils) when participants were tested with FCC vs. FCNC displays after having intentionally encoded pictures of objects. As predicted, the mid-frontal old/new effect which is associated with familiarity was significantly larger in FCC compared to FCNC displays. Moreover, the target-foil amplitude difference predicted the accuracy of the recognition judgment in a given trial. This is one of the very few studies which support the assumption of the CLS framework that the test format can influence the diagnosticity of familiarity. Moreover, it implies that the mid-frontal old/new effect does not reflect the mean difference in the familiarity signal itself between studied and non-studied items but reflects the task-adequate assessment of the familiarity signal.

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Learning From (Test) Experience

Zeitschrift für Psychologie ◽

10.1027/2151-2604/a000424 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 228 (4) ◽

pp. 264-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Evan E. Mitton ◽

Chris M. Fiacconi

Keyword(s):

Recognition Memory ◽

Test Performance ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Judgments Of Learning ◽

Visual Images ◽

Memory Tests ◽

Recognition Memory Performance ◽

Study Test ◽

Explicit Feedback

Abstract. To date there has been relatively little research within the domain of metamemory that examines how individuals monitor their performance during memory tests, and whether the outcome of such monitoring informs subsequent memory predictions for novel items. In the current study, we sought to determine whether spontaneous monitoring of test performance can in fact help individuals better appreciate their memory abilities, and in turn shape future judgments of learning (JOLs). Specifically, in two experiments we examined recognition memory for visual images across three study-test cycles, each of which contained novel images. We found that across cycles, participants’ JOLs did in fact increase, reflecting metacognitive sensitivity to near-perfect levels of recognition memory performance. This finding suggests that individuals can and do monitor their test performance in the absence of explicit feedback, and further underscores the important role that test experience can play in shaping metacognitive evaluations of learning and remembering.

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Measurements of the Initial Ground Temperature in GSHP System

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.1707 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 919-921 ◽

pp. 1707-1715

Author(s):

Ya Su Zhou ◽

Wan Lan Ju ◽

Zheng Liu

Keyword(s):

Temperature Distribution ◽

Small Difference ◽

Engineering Application ◽

Ground Temperature ◽

Engineering Applications ◽

Average Water Temperature ◽

Arithmetic Average ◽

Testing Method ◽

Shallow Zone ◽

The Mean

The initial ground temperature (IGT) is one of the most important parameters in designing a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system and evaluating its performance. In this paper, three initial ground temperature test methods are introduced. Except the shallow zone, the ground temperature distribution measured from direct and indirect testing method has very small difference. In direct test, the temperature sensor must be embedded when burying the tube in the borehole which is hard to operate in engineering applications. Thus the direct testing method is suggested to be applied in the scientific research. The indirect testing method could be used in engineering applications. The mean ground temperature could be calculated from temperature distribution except the shallow zone temperature. The results from three calculating methods have a quite small difference. Therefore, the arithmetic average method is suggested for scientific and engineering application to calculate the mean ground temperature. The mean ground temperature is also gotten in TRT conveniently. In the condition of velocity 0.7m/s, water was circulated in the tube system with no heat source for 30 minutes. The average water temperature could be regard as the mean ground temperature with sufficient accuracy.

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Pre-print #3

10.31219/osf.io/e3p5d ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

D. Samuel Schwarzkopf ◽

Nonie J Finlayson ◽

Benjamin de Haas

Keyword(s):

Response Bias ◽

Forced Choice ◽

Perceptual Bias ◽

Confounding Factors ◽

Decision Criteria ◽

Response Modality ◽

Multiple Alternative ◽

The Mean ◽

Response Biases ◽

Perceptual Factors

Perceptual bias is inherent to all our senses, particularly in the form of visual illusionsand aftereffects. However, many experiments measuring perceptual biases may besusceptible to non-perceptual factors, such as response bias and decision criteria. Here wequantify how robust Multiple Alternative Perceptual Search (MAPS) is for disentanglingestimates of perceptual biases from these confounding factors. First our results show thatwhile there are considerable response biases in our four-alternative forced choice design,these are unrelated to perceptual biases estimates, and these response biases are notproduced by the response modality (keyboard versus mouse). We also show that perceptualbias estimates are reduced when feedback is given on each trial, likely due to feedbackenabling observers to partially (and actively) correct for perceptual biases. However, thisdoes not impact the reliability with which MAPS detects the presence of perceptual biases.Finally, our results show that MAPS can detect actual perceptual biases and is not adecisional bias towards choosing the target in the middle of the candidate stimulusdistribution. In summary, researchers conducting a MAPS experiment should use a constantreference stimulus, but consider varying the mean of the candidate distribution. Ideally,they should not employ trial-wise feedback if the magnitude of perceptual biases is ofinterest.

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Revisiting the role of recollection in item versus forced-choice recognition memory

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review ◽

10.3758/bf03196763 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 720-725 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gabriel I. Cook ◽

Richard L. Marsh ◽

Jason L. Hicks

Keyword(s):

Recognition Memory ◽

Forced Choice

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The unequal variance signal-detection model of recognition memory: Investigating the encoding variability hypothesis

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1177/1747021820906117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 73 (8) ◽

pp. 1242-1260

Author(s):

Rory W Spanton ◽

Christopher J Berry

Keyword(s):

Recognition Memory ◽

Signal Detection ◽

Psychological Explanation ◽

Memory Strength ◽

Unequal Variance ◽

Detection Model ◽

The Mean ◽

Encoding Variability ◽

Strength Variance ◽

Back Task

Despite the unequal variance signal-detection (UVSD) model’s prominence as a model of recognition memory, a psychological explanation for the unequal variance assumption has yet to be verified. According to the encoding variability hypothesis, old item memory strength variance (σo) is greater than that of new items because items are incremented by variable, rather than fixed, amounts of strength at encoding. Conditions that increase encoding variability should therefore result in greater estimates of σo. We conducted three experiments to test this prediction. In Experiment 1, encoding variability was manipulated by presenting items for a fixed or variable (normally distributed) duration at study. In Experiment 2, we used an attentional manipulation whereby participants studied items while performing an auditory one-back task in which distractors were presented at fixed or variable intervals. In Experiment 3, participants studied stimuli with either high or low variance in word frequency. Across experiments, estimates of σo were unaffected by our attempts to manipulate encoding variability, even though the manipulations weakly affected subsequent recognition. Instead, estimates of σo tended to be positively correlated with estimates of the mean difference in strength between new and studied items ( d), as might be expected if σo generally scales with d. Our results show that it is surprisingly hard to successfully manipulate encoding variability, and they provide a signpost for others seeking to test the encoding variability hypothesis.

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A numerical study on the impact of nonlinear interactions on the amplitude of the migrating semidiurnal tide

Annales Geophysicae ◽

10.5194/angeo-24-3241-2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 24 (12) ◽

pp. 3241-3256 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

C. M. Huang ◽

S. D. Zhang ◽

F. Yi

Keyword(s):

Numerical Study ◽

Steady Solution ◽

Nonlinear Interactions ◽

Semidiurnal Tide ◽

Mean Flow ◽

Structure Variation ◽

Amplitude Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

The Impact ◽

Mlt Region

Abstract. To quantitatively study the effects of nonlinear interactions on tide structure, a nonlinear numerical tidal model is developed, and the reliability and convergence of the adopted algorithm and coding are checked by numerical experiments. Under the same conditions as those employed by the GSWM-00 (Global Scale Wave Model 2000), our model provides the nonlinear quasi-steady solution of the migrating semidiurnal tide, which differs from the GSWM-00 result (the linear steady solution) in the MLT region, especially above 100 km. Additionally, their amplitude difference displays a remarkable month-to-month variation, and its significant magnitudes occur during the month with strong semidiurnal tide. A quantitative analysis suggests that the main cause for the amplitude difference is that the initial migrating 12-h tide will interact with the mean flow as well as the nonlinearity-excited 6-h tide, and subsequently yield a new 12-h tidal part. Furthermore, our simulations also show that the mean flow/tidal interaction will significantly alter the background wind and temperature fields. The large magnitudes of the tidal amplitude difference and the background alteration indicate that the nonlinear processes involved in tidal propagations should be comprehensively considered in the description of global atmospheric dynamics in the MLT region. The comparisons among our simulations, the GSWMs and some observations of tides suggest that the nonlinearity-induced tidal structure variation could be a possible mechanism to account for some discrepancies between the GSWMs and the observations.

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