scholarly journals Four QTL underlie resistance to a microsporidian parasite that may drive genome evolution in its Daphnia host

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devon Keller ◽  
Devin Kirk ◽  
Pepijn Luijckx
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Parasite Resistance ◽  
Microsporidian Parasite ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
General Immune Response

AbstractDespite its pivotal role in evolutionary and ecological processes the genetic architecture underlying host-parasite interactions remains understudied. Here we use a quantitative trait loci approach to identify regions in the Daphnia magna genome that provide resistance against its microsporidium parasite Ordospora colligata. The probability that Daphnia became infected was affected by a single locus and an interaction between two additional loci. A fourth locus influenced the number of spores that grew within the host. Comparing our findings to previously published genetic work on Daphnia magna revealed that two of these loci may be the same as detected for another microsporidium parasite, suggesting a general immune response to this group of pathogens. More importantly, this comparison revealed that two regions previously identified to be under selection coincided with parasite resistance loci, highlighting the pivotal role parasites may play in shaping the host genome.

Genetic differences in the interactions of a microsporidian parasite and four clones of its cyclically parthenogenetic host

Parasitology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ebert
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Size At Maturity ◽  
Age At Maturity ◽  
Microsporidian Parasite ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Parasite Multiplication ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Host Clone

SUMMARYHost–parasite interactions were studied for the microsporidium Pleistophora intestinalis and its host, Daphnia magna. Two host clones were established from the same population from which the parasites were taken (home-1 and 2), and two clones from two other ponds (neighbour and Munich clone). With increasing clutch number infected females from home-1 clone produced relatively smaller clutches than uninfected females. Age and body length at maturity were not affected by the infection, but body length of the sixth adult instar was reduced. In an experiment including all four host clones, the parasite reproduced well in the two home clones and in the neighbour clone, but poorly in the Munich clone. Juvenile growth and age at maturity was not affected in the two home clones, but for the neighbour and the Munich clone age was delayed by 2·2 days and 4·1 days, and juvenile growth reduced by 16 and 23%, respectively. Significant host-clone x parasite-treatment interactions were also found for size at maturity and clutch size. This pattern of host-parasite interactions suggests that there is no general positive relation between disease severity and parasite multiplication rate.

scholarly journals Host-pathogen coevolution increases genetic variation in susceptibility to infection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth ML Duxbury ◽  
Jonathan P Day ◽  
Davide Maria Vespasiani ◽  
Yannik Thüringer ◽  
Ignacio Tolosana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractIt is common to find considerable genetic variation in susceptibility to infection in natural populations. We have investigated whether natural selection increases this variation by testing whether host populations show more genetic variation in susceptibility to pathogens that they naturally encounter than novel pathogens. In a large cross-infection experiment involving four species of Drosophila and four host-specific viruses, we always found greater genetic variation in susceptibility to viruses that had coevolved with their host. We went on to examine the genetic architecture of resistance in one host species, finding that there are more major-effect genetic variants in coevolved host-parasite interactions. We conclude that selection by pathogens increases genetic variation in host susceptibility, and much of this effect is caused by the occurrence of major-effect resistance polymorphisms within populations.

scholarly journals Host-Parasite Interactions and Purifying Selection in a Microsporidian Parasite of Honey Bees

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e0147549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Huang ◽  
Yan Ping Chen ◽  
Rui Wu Wang ◽  
Shang Cheng ◽  
Jay D. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Microsporidian Parasite ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite

Horizontal transmission of a parasite is influenced by infected host phenotype and density

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. ROBERTS ◽  
W. O. H. HUGHES
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Microsporidian Parasite ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYTransmission is a key determinant of parasite fitness, and understanding the dynamics of transmission is fundamental to the ecology and evolution of host–parasite interactions. Successful transmission is often reliant on contact between infected individuals and susceptible hosts. The social insects consist of aggregated groups of genetically similar hosts, making them particularly vulnerable to parasite transmission. Here we investigate how the ratio of infected to susceptible individuals impacts parasite transmission, using the honey bee, Apis mellifera and its microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae. We used 2 types of infected hosts found simultaneously in colonies; sterile female workers and sexual males. We found a higher ratio of infected to susceptible individuals in groups resulted in a greater proportion of susceptibles becoming infected, but this effect was non-linear and interestingly, the ratio also affected the spore production of infected individuals. The transmission level was much greater in an experiment where the infected individuals were drones than in an experiment where they were workers, suggesting drones may act as intracolonial ‘superspreaders’. Understanding the subtleties of transmission and how it is influenced by the phenotype of the infected/susceptible individuals is important for understanding pathogen transmission at population level, and for optimum targeting of parasite control strategies.

scholarly journals Three tick species parasitizing a rock python in Sri Lanka

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
T.S.P. Fernando ◽  
H.K.A.V.A. Kulasena Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Ecosystem Health ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Host Parasite

Parasitism is a relationship where one of the parties (the parasite) either harms its host or lives at the expense of it. Host parasite interactions are important driving forces in population dynamics and even extinction. These interactions are also indicators of ecosystem health and they are important in stabilizing food webs. A parasite may cause mechanical injury, stimulate a damaging inflammatory or immune response, or simply rob the host of nutrition. However in the wild most parasites must live in harmony with their hosts. If the parasites kill the host, they themselves would ultimately die without shelter and nutrition. Reptiles become hosts to a number of parasitic organisms ranging from protozoans to arthropods. Among these, ticks (hard and soft) are the most common arthropod group that parasitizes reptiles.

scholarly journals Understanding the Pathophysiology of Exosomes in Schistosomiasis: A New Direction for Disease Control and Prevention

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Yuan ◽  
Jianping Zhao ◽  
Min Chen ◽  
Huifang Liang ◽  
Xin Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
South America ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Host Parasite

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease endemic to freshwater areas of Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America that is capable of causing serious damage to the internal organs. Recent studies have linked exosomes to the progression of schistosomiasis. These structures are important mediators for intercellular communication, assist cells to exchange proteins, lipids, and genetic material and have been shown to play critical roles during host–parasite interactions. This review aims to discuss the pathophysiology of exosomes in schistosomiasis and their roles in regulating the host immune response. Understanding how exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis may provide new perspectives in diagnosing and treating this neglected disease.

scholarly journals The implications of immunopathology for parasite evolution

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1741) ◽  
pp. 3234-3240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Best ◽  
Gráinne Long ◽  
Andy White ◽  
Mike Boots
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Direct Damage ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Parasite Evolution ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Individual Disease

By definition, parasites harm their hosts, but in many infections much of the pathology is driven by the host immune response rather than through direct damage inflicted by parasites. While these immunopathological effects are often well studied and understood mechanistically in individual disease interactions, there remains relatively little understanding of their broader impact on the evolution of parasites and their hosts. Here, we theoretically investigate the implications of immunopathology, broadly defined as additional mortality associated with the host's immune response, on parasite evolution. In particular, we examine how immunopathology acting on different epidemiological traits (namely transmission, virulence and recovery) affects the evolution of disease severity. When immunopathology is costly to parasites, such that it reduces their fitness, for example by decreasing transmission, there is always selection for increased disease severity. However, we highlight a number of host–parasite interactions where the parasite may benefit from immunopathology, and highlight scenarios that may lead to the evolution of slower growing parasites and potentially reduced disease severity. Importantly, we find that conclusions on disease severity are highly dependent on how severity is measured. Finally, we discuss the effect of treatments used to combat disease symptoms caused by immunopathology.

scholarly journals Roles of three putative salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) prostaglandin E2 synthases in physiology and host–parasite interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sussie Dalvin ◽  
Christiane Eichner ◽  
Michael Dondrup ◽  
Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Salmon Louse ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Expression Studies ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Microsomal Glutathione

Abstract Background The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a parasite of salmonid fish. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exhibit only a limited and ineffective immune response when infested with this parasite. Prostaglandins (PGs) have many biological functions in both invertebrates and vertebrates, one of which is the regulation of immune responses. This has led to the suggestion that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is important in the salmon louse host–parasite interaction, although studies of a salmon louse prostaglandin E2 synthase (PGES) 2 gene have not enabled conformation of this hypothesis. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to characterize two additional PGES-like genes. Methods Lepeophtheirus salmonis microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 like (LsMGST1L) and LsPGES3L were investigated by sequencing, phylogenetics, transcript localization and expression studies. Moreover, the function of these putative PGES genes in addition to the previously identified LsPGES2 gene was analyzed in double stranded (ds) RNA-mediated knockdown (KD) salmon louse. Results Analysis of the three putative LsPGES genes showed a rather constitutive transcript level throughout development from nauplius to the adult stages, and in a range of tissues, with the highest levels in the ovaries or gut. DsRNA-mediated KD of these transcripts did not produce any characteristic changes in phenotype, and KD animals displayed a normal reproductive output. The ability of the parasite to infect or modulate the immune response of the host fish was also not affected by KD. Conclusions Salmon louse prostaglandins may play endogenous roles in the management of reproduction and oxidative stress and may be a product of salmon louse blood digestions. Graphic Abstract

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