scholarly journals Substrate distortion in the catalysis of orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C447-C447
Author(s):  
Masahiro Fujihashi ◽  
Toyokazu Ishida ◽  
Shingo Kuroda ◽  
Kazuya Mito ◽  
Lakshmi Kotra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Complex Surface ◽  
Pyrimidine Ring ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wild Type Enzyme ◽  
Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis ◽  
Resonance Analysis ◽  
Transition State Stabilization ◽  
Monophosphate Decarboxylase ◽  
Orotidine Monophosphate Decarboxylase

One way for enzymes to affect reactions they catalyze is through transition state stabilization. Another factor to be considered is the contribution of substrate distortion, although it has been thoroughly described for only a few enzymes. We have a longstanding interest in the reaction mechanism of orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase (ODCase) and determined various crystal structures bound with distorted substrates at around 1.5 Å resolution. The enzyme is known as one of the most proficient enzymes, which accelerates the decarboxylation of orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) to form uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP) by 17 orders of magnitude. One argument against the contribution of substrate distortion to the ODCase reaction is the weak affinity of UMP. The distortions observed so far all appear at the C6-substituent of the pyrimidine ring, which corresponds to the carboxylate of OMP. Since the carboxylate is removed by the reaction, the product UMP should bind more tightly to ODCase than OMP, if the distortion of C6-substituent contributes to the catalysis. In order to investigate this inconsistency, we determined the crystal structure of ODCase with UMP at atomic resolution (1.03 Å). The structure showed an unfavorable interaction between UMP and the catalytic residue K72, an interaction considered to be absent in the OMP complex. Surface plasmon resonance analysis indicated that UMP binds stronger to the K72A mutant than to the wild-type enzyme by 5 orders of magnitude. These analyses invalidate the argument against a contribution of substrate distortion to ODCase catalysis. Finally, we estimated how much the distortion contributes to the catalysis using computational simulation methods. The results indicated that 10-15% decrease of the ΔΔG‡ value is contributed by substrate distortion.

scholarly journals The mutation Lys234His yields a class A β-lactamase with a novel pH-dependence

1991 ◽  
Vol 278 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Brannigan ◽  
A Matagne ◽  
F Jacob ◽  
C Damblon ◽  
B Joris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Site ◽  
Positive Charge ◽  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wild Type Enzyme ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Class A ◽  
Transition State Stabilization

The lysine-234 residue is highly conserved in beta-lactamases and in nearly all active-site-serine penicillin-recognizing enzymes. Its replacement by a histidine residue in the Streptomyces albus G class A beta-lactamase yielded an enzyme the pH-dependence of which was characterized by the appearance of a novel pK, which could be attributed to the newly introduced residue. At low pH, the kcat, value for benzylpenicillin was as high as 50% of that of the wild-type enzyme, demonstrating that an efficient active site was maintained. Both kcat. and kcat/Km dramatically decreased above pH 6 but the decrease in kcat./Km could not be attributed to larger Km values. Thus a positive charge on the side chain of residue 234 appears to be more essential for transition-state stabilization than for initial recognition of the substrate ground state.

scholarly journals 14-3-3 isoforms bind directly exon B of the 5′-UTR of human surfactant protein A2 mRNA

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (2) ◽  
pp. L147-L157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios T. Noutsios ◽  
Paul Ghattas ◽  
Stephanie Bennett ◽  
Joanna Floros
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Surface Plasmon Resonance ◽  
Surfactant Protein ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Differential Regulation ◽  
Protein Family ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis ◽  
Resonance Analysis

Human surfactant protein (SP) A (SP-A), an innate immunity molecule, is encoded by two genes, SFTPA1 and SFTPA2. The 5′-untranslated splice variant of SP-A2 (ABD), but not SP-A1 (AD), contains exon B (eB). eB is an enhancer for transcription and translation and contains cis-regulatory elements. Specific trans-acting factors, including 14-3-3, bind eB. The 14-3-3 protein family contains seven isoforms that have been found by mass spectrometry in eB electromobility shift assays (Noutsios et al. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 304: L722–L735, 2013). We used four different approaches to investigate whether 14-3-3 isoforms bind directly to eB. 1) eB RNA pulldown assays showed that 14-3-3 isoforms specifically bind eB. 2) RNA electromobility shift assay complexes were formed using purified 14-3-3 isoforms β, γ, ε, η, σ, and τ, but not isoform ζ, with wild-type eB RNA. 3 and 4) RNA affinity chromatography assays and surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that 14-3-3 isoforms β, γ, ε, η, σ, and τ, but not isoform ζ, specifically and directly bind eB. Inhibition of 14-3-3 isoforms γ, ε, η, and τ/θ with shRNAs in NCI-H441 cells resulted in downregulation of SP-A2 levels but did not affect SP-A1 levels. However, inhibition of 14-3-3 isoform σ was correlated with lower levels of SP-A1 and SP-A2. Inhibition of 14-3-3 isoform ζ/δ, which does not bind eB, had no effect on expression levels of SP-A1 and SP-A2. In conclusion, the 14-3-3 protein family affects differential regulation of SP-A1 and SP-A2 by binding directly to SP-A2 5′-UTR mRNA.

scholarly journals Disulfide bond engineering of AppA phytase for increased thermostability requires co-expression of protein disulfide isomerase in Pichia pastoris

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Navone ◽  
Thomas Vogl ◽  
Pawarisa Luangthongkam ◽  
Jo-Anne Blinco ◽  
Carlos H. Luna-Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pichia Pastoris ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Disulfide Bond ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wild Type Enzyme ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Biochemical Characterisation ◽  
Disulfide Bond Isomerase ◽  
Microbial Systems ◽  
Protein Disulfide

Abstract Background Phytases are widely used commercially as dietary supplements for swine and poultry to increase the digestibility of phytic acid. Enzyme development has focused on increasing thermostability to withstand the high temperatures during industrial steam pelleting. Increasing thermostability often reduces activity at gut temperatures and there remains a demand for improved phyases for a growing market. Results In this work, we present a thermostable variant of the E. coli AppA phytase, ApV1, that contains an extra non-consecutive disulfide bond. Detailed biochemical characterisation of ApV1 showed similar activity to the wild type, with no statistical differences in kcat and KM for phytic acid or in the pH and temperature activity optima. Yet, it retained approximately 50% activity after incubations for 20 min at 65, 75 and 85 °C compared to almost full inactivation of the wild-type enzyme. Production of ApV1 in Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffi) was much lower than the wild-type enzyme due to the presence of the extra non-consecutive disulfide bond. Production bottlenecks were explored using bidirectional promoters for co-expression of folding chaperones. Co-expression of protein disulfide bond isomerase (Pdi) increased production of ApV1 by ~ 12-fold compared to expression without this folding catalyst and restored yields to similar levels seen with the wild-type enzyme. Conclusions Overall, the results show that protein engineering for enhanced enzymatic properties like thermostability may result in folding complexity and decreased production in microbial systems. Hence parallel development of improved production strains is imperative to achieve the desirable levels of recombinant protein for industrial processes.

scholarly journals Engineered Phage Endolysin Eliminates Gardnerella Biofilm without Damaging Beneficial Bacteria in Bacterial Vaginosis Ex Vivo

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Christine Landlinger ◽  
Lenka Tisakova ◽  
Vera Oberbauer ◽  
Timo Schwebs ◽  
Abbas Muhammad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Vaginal Microbiome ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wild Type Enzyme ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
First Time

Bacterial vaginosis is characterized by an imbalance of the vaginal microbiome and a characteristic biofilm formed on the vaginal epithelium, which is initiated and dominated by Gardnerella bacteria, and is frequently refractory to antibiotic treatment. We investigated endolysins of the type 1,4-beta-N-acetylmuramidase encoded on Gardnerella prophages as an alternative treatment. When recombinantly expressed, these proteins demonstrated strong bactericidal activity against four different Gardnerella species. By domain shuffling, we generated several engineered endolysins with 10-fold higher bactericidal activity than any wild-type enzyme. When tested against a panel of 20 Gardnerella strains, the most active endolysin, called PM-477, showed minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.13–8 µg/mL. PM-477 had no effect on beneficial lactobacilli or other species of vaginal bacteria. Furthermore, the efficacy of PM-477 was tested by fluorescence in situ hybridization on vaginal samples of fifteen patients with either first time or recurring bacterial vaginosis. In thirteen cases, PM-477 killed the Gardnerella bacteria and physically dissolved the biofilms without affecting the remaining vaginal microbiome. The high selectivity and effectiveness in eliminating Gardnerella, both in cultures of isolated strains as well as in clinically derived samples of natural polymicrobial biofilms, makes PM-477 a promising alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, especially in patients with frequent recurrence.

scholarly journals A Novel Sucrose Isomerase Producing Isomaltulose from Raoultella terrigena

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5521
Author(s):  
Li Liu ◽  
Shuhuai Yu ◽  
Wei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Michaelis Constant ◽  
Wild Type Enzyme ◽  
Maximum Reaction Rate ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Maximum Reaction ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Raoultella Terrigena ◽  
Sucrose Isomerase

Isomaltulose is widely used in the food industry as a substitute for sucrose owing to its good processing characteristics and physicochemical properties, which is usually synthesized by sucrose isomerase (SIase) with sucrose as substrate. In this study, a gene pal-2 from Raoultella terrigena was predicted to produce SIase, which was subcloned into pET-28a (+) and transformed to the E. coli system. The purified recombinant SIase Pal-2 was characterized in detail. The enzyme is a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of approximately 70 kDa, showing an optimal temperature of 40 °C and optimal pH value of 5.5. The Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum reaction rate (Vmax) are 62.9 mmol/L and 286.4 U/mg, respectively. The conversion rate of isomaltulose reached the maximum of 81.7% after 6 h with 400 g/L sucrose as the substrate and 25 U/mg sucrose of SIase. Moreover, eight site-directed variants were designed and generated. Compared with the wild-type enzyme, the enzyme activities of two mutants N498P and Q275R were increased by 89.2% and 42.2%, respectively, and the isomaltulose conversion rates of three mutants (Y246L, H287R, and H481P) were improved to 89.1%, 90.7%, and 92.4%, respectively. The work identified a novel SIase from the Raoultella genus and its mutants showed a potential to be used for the production of isomaltulose in the industry.

scholarly journals Active-site serine mutants of the Streptomyces albus G β-lactamase

1991 ◽  
Vol 277 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Jacob ◽  
B Joris ◽  
J M Frère
Keyword(s):  
Active Site ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Serine Residue ◽  
Wild Type Enzyme ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Streptomyces Albus ◽  
Small Production

By using site-directed mutagenesis, the active-site serine residue of the Streptomyces albus G beta-lactamase was substituted by alanine and cysteine. Both mutant enzymes were produced in Streptomyces lividans and purified to homogeneity. The cysteine beta-lactamase exhibited a substrate-specificity profile distinct from that of the wild-type enzyme, and its kcat./Km values at pH 7 were never higher than 0.1% of that of the serine enzyme. Unlike the wild-type enzyme, the activity of the mutant increased at acidic pH values. Surprisingly, the alanine mutant exhibited a weak but specific activity for benzylpenicillin and ampicillin. In addition, a very small production of wild-type enzyme, probably due to mistranslation, was detected, but that activity could be selectively eliminated. Both mutant enzymes were nearly as thermostable as the wild-type.

scholarly journals The importance of the interdomain hinge in intramolecular electron transfer in flavocytochrome b2

1993 ◽  
Vol 291 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
P White ◽  
F D C Manson ◽  
C E Brunt ◽  
S K Chapman ◽  
G A Reid
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Stopped Flow ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wild Type Enzyme ◽  
Cytochrome C Reductase ◽  
Flavocytochrome B2 ◽  
Cytochrome C Reduction

The two distinct domains of flavocytochrome b2 (L-lactate:cytochrome c oxidoreductase) are connected by a typical hinge peptide. The amino acid sequence of this interdomain hinge is dramatically different in flavocytochromes b2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansenula anomala. This difference in the hinge is believed to contribute to the difference in kinetic properties between the two enzymes. To probe the importance of the hinge, an interspecies hybrid enzyme has been constructed comprising the bulk of the S. cerevisiae enzyme but containing the H. anomala flavocytochrome b2 hinge. The kinetic properties of this ‘hinge-swap’ enzyme have been investigated by steady-state and stopped-flow methods. The hinge-swap enzyme remains a good lactate dehydrogenase as is evident from steady-state experiments with ferricyanide as acceptor (only 3-fold less active than wild-type enzyme) and stopped-flow experiments monitoring flavin reduction (2.5-fold slower than in wild-type enzyme). The major effect of the hinge-swap mutation is to lower dramatically the enzyme's effectiveness as a cytochrome c reductase; kcat. for cytochrome c reduction falls by more than 100-fold, from 207 +/- 10 s-1 (25 degrees C, pH 7.5) in the wild-type enzyme to 1.62 +/- 0.41 s-1 in the mutant enzyme. This fall in cytochrome c reductase activity results from poor interdomain electron transfer between the FMN and haem groups. This can be demonstrated by the fact that the kcat. for haem reduction in the hinge-swap enzyme (measured by the stopped-flow method) has a value of 1.61 +/- 0.42 s-1, identical with the value for cytochrome c reduction and some 300-fold lower than the value for the wild-type enzyme. From these and other kinetic parameters, including kinetic isotope effects with [2-2H]lactate, we conclude that the hinge plays a crucial role in allowing efficient electron transfer between the two domains of flavocytochrome b2.

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