Effect of non-conventional heat treatment of API X60 pipeline steel on corrosion resistance and stress corrosion cracking susceptibility

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Ricardo Jacobo ◽  
Rafael Garcia ◽  
Victor Hugo Lopez ◽  
Antonio Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Conventional Heat Treatment

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of heat treatment (HT) applied to an API X60 steel in corrosion resistance and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility through slow strain rate tests (SSRT) in NS4 solution and congenital water (CW) to assess external and internal SCC, respectively. Design/methodology/approach API X60 steel was heat treated at a temperature of 1,200°C for 30 min followed by water quenching. Specimens from this steel were machined according to NACE TM 198. SSRT were performed in a constant extension rate tests (CERT) machine at room temperature at a strain rate of 1 × 10–6 s–1. For this purpose, a glass cell was used. Corrosion behavior was evaluated through polarization curves (PCs). Findings The SCC index obtained from SSRT indicates that the steel heat treated could be susceptible to SCC in CW and NS4 solution; the mechanism of SCC was hydrogen embrittlement. Thus, CW may promote the SCC phenomenon in pipelines. HT improves the steel corrosion resistance. Higher corrosion rate (CR) was observed when the steel is exposed to CW. The corrosion process in X60 steel shows that the oxidation reaction in the anodic branch corresponds to an activation process, and the cathode branches reveal a diffusion process. Originality/value The purpose of the heat treatment applied to X60 steel was to generate a microstructure of acicular ferrite to improve the corrosion resistance and SCC behavior.

scholarly journals Stress Corrosion Cracking of Additively Manufactured Alloy 625

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6115
Author(s):  
Marina Cabrini ◽  
Sergio Lorenzi ◽  
Cristian Testa ◽  
Francesco Carugo ◽  
Tommaso Pastore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Hydrogen Embrittlement ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Slow Strain Rate ◽  
Laser Source ◽  
Alloy 625

Laser bed powder fusion (LPBF) is an additive manufacturing technology for the fabrication of semi-finished components directly from computer-aided design modelling, through melting and consolidation, layer upon layer, of a metallic powder, with a laser source. This manufacturing technique is particularly indicated for poor machinable alloys, such as Alloy 625. However, the unique microstructure generated could modify the resistance of the alloy to environment assisted cracking. The aim of this work was to analyze the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen embrittlement resistance behavior of Alloy 625 obtained by LPBF, both in as-built condition and after a standard heat treatment (grade 1). U-bend testing performed in boiling magnesium chloride at 155 and 170 °C confirmed the immunity of the alloy to SCC. However, slow strain rate tests in simulated ocean water on cathodically polarized specimens highlighted the possibility of the occurrence of hydrogen embrittlement in a specific range of strain rate and cathodic polarization. The very fine grain size and dislocation density of the thermally untreated specimens appeared to increase the hydrogen diffusion and embrittlement effect on pre-charged specimens that were deformed at the high strain rate. Conversely, heat treatment appeared to mitigate hydrogen embrittlement at high strain rates, however at the slow strain rate all the specimens showed a similar behavior.

Microstructural Contributions to Stress Corrosion Cracking in High Strength Steels

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
R. Padmanabhan ◽  
W. E. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
300M Steel ◽  
Conventional Heat Treatment

The effects of microstructural variables upon stress corrosion cracking resistance of 300M steel in 3.5% NaCl solution have been studied. Table 1 lists KIscc values for three heat treatment conditions. The martensite substructure was predominantly twinned plates for conventional heat treatment and dislocated laths for both high temperature and step heat treatments. A typical twinned region observed in the conventional heat treatment is shown in Fig. 1. Such twinned regions were less frequent in the other heat treatments. Both cementite and epsilon carbide were seen in all cases, as illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3 for conventional heat treatment. Epsilon carbide was usually observed within large grain boundary nucleated laths (autotempered martensite), with definite habit planes and growth directions. The formation of such laths have been discussed previously. Retained austenite, mostly in the form of interlath films, was observed in all cases with increased amounts present in coarser grained structures (Fig. 4).

scholarly journals Re-Aging Heat Treatment to Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance on Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Rasdi Deraman ◽  
Mohd Rozaiman Aziz ◽  
Yusli Yaakob
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Cu Alloy

The Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy is classified as a high strength to weight ratio material and is widely used in the aerospace structures. This alloy is susceptible to severe localized corrosion induced by heat treatment. The objective of this study is to elucidate alternative heat treatment techniques, which reduce the alloys susceptibility to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). A series of different heat treatments have been performed in the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy using cube shaped and C-ring specimens that had been T6- and T7-tempered and undergone Retrogression and Re-aging (RRA) heat treatments. The specimens were exposed to hardness testing, optical testing and immersion testing in a corrosive environment. The effectiveness of the heat treatments was evaluated with respect to improvements in corrosion resistance and the longevity of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. The susceptibility of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy to SCC has been directly related to the precipitation of MgZn2 particles at the grain boundaries. Precipitation hardening of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy increases the hardness of the material, but increases susceptibility to SCC failure. RRA treatment greatly improved the corrosion resistance and longevity of the alloy combined with minimal strength reduction.

The Study of Stress Corrosion Crack in Heterogenic Welding Joints under Wet H2S

2011 ◽  
Vol 121-126 ◽  
pp. 3020-3024
Author(s):  
Shu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Crack ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Concentration Increase ◽  
Cracking Behavior ◽  
Maximal Stress ◽  
Welding Joints

Stress corrosion cracking behavior of the six heterogenic welding joints was investigated under the 1300ppm; 2300ppm and saturated H2S concentration by slow strain rate tests and influencing factors of different H2S concentration and welding material are analyzed to the stress corrosion cracking. It is showed that stress corrosion cracking is more sensitive above 1300ppm H2S concentration. With the H2S concentration increase, the maximal stress, elongation and the time of rapture decrease on heterogenic welding joints 1Cr9Mo/45 and 0Cr18Ni9/1Cr9Mo. But they are not influenced to the joint 0Cr18Ni9/45. It is also concluded that replacement of A302 by Inconel182 can improve the corrosion resistance of 1Cr9Mo/45 but can not make any influence on the joints 0Cr18Ni9/45 and 0Cr18Ni9/1Cr9Mo

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF MICROSTRUCTURAL FACTORS AND HEAT TREATMENT ON THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF REINFORCING STEEL CLASS A 600

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Sergeev ◽  
V. V. Izvol'skiy ◽  
A. N. Sergeev ◽  
S. N. Kutepov ◽  
A. E. Gvozdev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Steel Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforcing Steel

Currently, hot rolled bar reinforcement class A600 of low-alloy steels in the delivery condition has a high tendency to this very specific kind of destruction as stress corrosion cracking under tension (SCC). However, there are cases of collapse of pre-stressed concrete structures, in most cases initiated corrosion cracking under stress, put the problem this type of fracture is particularly acute. In stress corrosion cracking cracks occur, the occurrence of which depends not only on the structural state of the material, the type and level of stress, but also on the degree of aggressiveness of the environment in which the operation occurs. In this regard, it is very important to establish how the corrosion resistance of class A600 reinforcing steel varies depending on the change in the chemical composition, microstructure, the level of applied and residual micro-stresses, and various modes of heat treatment. The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of the above factors on the resistance of low-alloyed reinforcing steel class A600 stress corrosion cracking It is shown that the sensitivity of the reinforcement to stress corrosion cracking is largely determined by the chemical composition (mainly carbon content), the type of microstructure and the level of residual micro-stresses. The influence of heat treatment regimes on the corrosion resistance of A600-grade reinforcing steel in nitrates solutions is investigated. It is shown that the use of additional heat treatment (normalization and improvement) increases the corrosion resistance of steel. High corrosion resistance steel reinforcement has only a carbon content at the lower limit of the vintage composition, which is provided by the structure of homogeneous bainite with mechanical properties at the level of strength class A600. With higher mechanical properties, the steel reinforcement has lower corrosion resistance.

AMBRONZE 413

Alloy Digest ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Electrical Contact ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Tin Bronze

Abstract AMBRONZE 413 is a copper-tin bronze recommended for plater's plates and electrical contact springs. It is relatively immune to stress-corrosion cracking. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Cu-201. Producer or source: Anaconda American Brass Company.

NICROFER 5716 HMoW

Alloy Digest ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Crevice Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Corrosion Pitting

Abstract NICROFER 5716 HMoW is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy with tungsten and extremely low carbon and silicon contents. It has excellent resistance to crevice corrosion, pitting and stress-corrosion cracking. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Ni-324. Producer or source: Vereingte Deutsche Metallwerke AG.

NAS 825

Alloy Digest ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Nickel Alloy ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Corrosion Resistant

Abstract NAS 825 is a corrosion-resistant nickel alloy that has resistance to both oxidizing and reducing environments, and with 42% nickel, the alloy is very resistant to chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Ni-694. Producer or source: Nippon Yakin Kogyo Company Ltd.

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