A motivational theory perspective on entrepreneurial intentions: a gender comparative study

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arshad ◽  
Mariam Farooq ◽  
Muhammad Atif ◽  
Omer Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Relative Income ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Motivational Theory ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Intrinsic Interest ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors

Purpose This study aims to analyze individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions from the perspective of motivational theory and examines the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on entrepreneurial intentions of male and female individuals. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from students graduating from Pakistan’s largest university. A structural equation modeling technique was used for model testing. Findings Intrinsic factors such as intrinsic interest and community feeling aspiration and extrinsic factors such as perceived relative income and occupational prestige positively affect attitudes and, in turn, stimulate entrepreneurial intentions. Further, as intrinsic interest and perceived relative income scored higher among men, gender moderates those effects. Conversely, the entrepreneurial attitudes of women were primarily driven by community feeling aspiration. Notably, the positive effect of occupational prestige did not vary among men and women. Originality/value This paper explores the roles of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the entrepreneurial intentions of men and women. The integration of motivational theory with gender provides insights into the determinants of entrepreneurial intentions in South Asia.

The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on entrepreneurial intentions

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arshad ◽  
Omer Farooq ◽  
Mariam Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Personal Growth ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Physical Appearance ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Financial Success ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extrinsic Goals ◽  
Intrinsic Goals

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how and when intrinsic (personal growth, affiliation, community contribution, health) and extrinsic (financial success, fame, physical appearance) goals affect individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions (EIs). The study uses goal contents theory to propose that intrinsic and extrinsic goals positively influence individuals’ EIs. The authors further argue that the collectivism moderates the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic goals on individuals EIs.Design/methodology/approachA survey was designed to collect data from business graduates at a university in Pakistan. The measurement model and the hypothesized model were tested using the structural equation modeling technique in MPlus 7.0.FindingsThe results suggest that all four intrinsic goals and three extrinsic goals positively affect individuals’ EIs. However, financial success and fame appear to be the most prominent determinants of EIs. Similarly, personal growth and contribution to community are strong predictors of individuals’ EIs. Conversely, health, physical appearance and affiliation motives were found to have a weaker effect on individuals’ EIs. Moreover, the results show that collectivist orientation negatively moderates the effect of intrinsic goals on individuals’ EIs, but positively moderates the effect of extrinsic goals. These results suggest that the EIs of individuals with high collectivist orientation are mainly induced by extrinsic goals, whereas intrinsic factors play a greater role in stimulating the EIs of individuals with low collectivism.Originality/valueExtant research has paid little attention to intrinsic and extrinsic goals as determinants of individuals’ EIs. Thus, this study explores how and when intrinsic and extrinsic goals develop individuals’ EIs. This study is the first of its kind to highlight the importance of individuals’ cultural orientation (collectivism) to determine the alternative role of intrinsic and extrinsic goals in developing individuals’ EIs. In addition, this study was conducted in a different cultural setting (i.e. South Asia), which provides an opportunity to expand the boundary conditions of the phenomenon by offering an alternative perspective on this issue.

scholarly journals Change tolerance, group focus and students' entrepreneurial intentions: does gender matter?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Haddad ◽  
Ghada Haddad ◽  
Gautam Nagpal
Keyword(s):  
Planned Behavior ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Mediation Effects ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Group Focus ◽  
Change Tolerance ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis study examines the impact of cultural dimensions on entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) and the mediating role of planned behavior (TPB) determinants between change tolerance (CT), group focus (GF), and EIs for both men and women in the context of international business schools.Design/methodology/approachUsing a quantitative research design, data were collected in France through anonymous questionnaires. The data consisted of responses from 480 business students. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and the bootstrap method with PROCESS macro were used to determine the significance of the mediation effects.FindingsResults reveal the strong impact of CT on the EIs of both men and women through TPB antecedents. They also indicate that GF has an indirect effect on EIs through TPB antecedents for men and an indirect multiple mediation effect on EIs through CT and TPB antecedents for both men and women.Originality/valueThe extended TPB model is original in that it supports both the determinants of planned behavior and cultural dimensions and provides a valuable perspective through its findings on cultural and gender diversity in entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurial intentions on perceived behavioral control and personal attitude: moderated by structural support

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Magtoto Otchengco Jr. ◽  
Yuri Walter Dulay Akiate
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Personal Attitude ◽  
Structural Support

Purpose This study aims to explore the association between the tricycle drivers’ personal attitude and perceived behavioral control and their entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, the study was conducted to determine whether such a relationship is moderated by structural support. Design/methodology/approach A total of 349 tricycle drivers in the Philippines were randomly selected and served as the respondents of this study. To determine if there is a significant relationship between the variables, structural equation modeling was used. Findings Tricycle drivers denoted that the more positive their perceived behavior control and personal attitude is, the greater their entrepreneurial intention is likely to be. Hence, the relationship of perceived behavioral control and personal attitude on entrepreneurial intention is moderated by perceived structural support. Originality/value By learning individuals’ perceived behavioral control, personal attitude and their entrepreneurial intention of specific classes of people, specifically tricycle drivers, it is possible to assess the feasibility of entrepreneurial efforts initiated by the government even before it is implemented, avoiding wastage of both times, resources and effort.

Factors impacting entrepreneurial intentions among university students in Saudi Arabia: testing an integrated model of TPB and EO

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (7/8) ◽  
pp. 779-803
Author(s):  
Yaser Hasan Salem Al-Mamary ◽  
Mohammed Abdulrab ◽  
Mohammed A. Alwaheeb ◽  
Naif Ghazi M. Alshammari
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
University Students ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
University Administrators ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Saudi Arabic ◽  
The University

PurposeThis research intends to contribute to the literature of entrepreneurial intentions through determining the factors impacting the entrepreneurial intentions among students in different academic programs. This is in order to enhance and improve entrepreneurship-related procedures within relevant universities.Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted by a structured survey questionnaire on 261 students in the University of Hail. The questionnaire was developed based on previous studies. The proposed hypotheses were tested by the use of the structured equation modeling (SEM) via using Amos software.FindingsThe results of the current study support the theoretical integration of the model as most of the hypotheses have been accepted. The results of the survey also show that attitudes toward behavior, self-efficacy, autonomy, risk-taking, pro-activeness and competitive aggressiveness are expressively related with entrepreneurial intention. Yet, social norms and innovativeness are not considerably connected with entrepreneurial intention.Research limitations/implicationsThis study seeks to contribute to the relevant literature by integrating the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the entrepreneurial orientation model (EO). This is in order to identify the factors impacting the intention of entrepreneurship among Saudi university students. As the case in many studies, this present study has some limitations. The main limitation lies in that it would not be possible to generalize the study's findings. This is due to the fact the research is the outcome of examining and studying one Saudi university. Therefore, it would be better to conduct similar studies in other Saudi universities in order to generalize the findings of the study.Practical implicationsThe study's results could be of value to policymakers and university administrators in Saudi Arabia universities by which they could be enabled to allocate resources, develop strategies and provide all requirements for the sake of improving entrepreneurial skills among university students. This comprehensive model can be used as a tool for planning and prioritizing resources in bid for providing the required support as this support would reinforce the entrepreneurial opportunity of university students. As such, students would have better thinking about entrepreneurial work and thus would be assisted in achieving their professional goals and the broader goal of nation building.Originality/valueSince today's youth are viewed as the potential future entrepreneurs, they should be encouraged to achieve the Saudi Kingdom's goals through creating suitable employment opportunities for them by supporting entrepreneurship. Therefore, pointing out the factors impacting the entrepreneurial intention of students will contribute to developing the field of entrepreneurship among young people in Saudi Arabic in general. In addition, realized outcomes would create an exciting new knowledge with regard to the entrepreneurial intention among the youth at the university level.

Determinants of individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions: a gender-comparative study

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arshad ◽  
Omer Farooq ◽  
Naheed Sultana ◽  
Mariam Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Gender Schema ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Males And Females

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the differentiated effects of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and social norms on individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions (EIs), through the mediation of attitude toward entrepreneurship, by integrating the framework of gender schema theory with the theory of planned behavior. The authors posit that different factors stimulate the EIs of males and females, through attitude toward entrepreneurship, in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach Data are collected from graduating students of South Asia’s largest university. Structural equation modeling is used for model testing. Findings The results show that perceived entrepreneurial self-efficacy has a greater effect on the attitude of males toward entrepreneurship than on the attitude of females, but perceived social norms have a greater effect on female attitude toward entrepreneurship. Attitude toward entrepreneurship has a positive impact on EIs. Originality/value This is the first study of its nature which demonstrates that the EIs of males and females are induced by different factors. Where the social norms are the major factors in determining the EIs of the females, self-efficacy plays a vital role in predicting the EIs of their male counterparts. This study also attempts to clarify the relationship between self-efficacy, social norms, and EIs by positing entrepreneurial attitude as mediator. Moreover, it brings a fresh perspective through its setting in South Asia. By testing a model in the cultural setting of a developing country, this study differentiates the research from that conducted in the developed world.

Entrepreneurial intentions: the relevance of nature and nurture

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Farrukh ◽  
Ali Raza ◽  
Muhammad Sajid ◽  
Muhammad Rafiq ◽  
Rizwana Hameed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nature And Nurture

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the role of nature and nurture in students’ entrepreneurial intention (EIs). In doing so, the study examines the relationship between prenatal testosterone exposure (2D:4D), risk-taking propensity, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and EIs. Moreover, the moderating role of entrepreneurial education between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and EI is also investigated.Design/methodology/approachIn line with previous studies on EI, the authors tested hypotheses based on quantitative data obtained from university students.FindingsData were analyzed with the help of the structural equation modeling technique, and the results revealed that all the hypothesized relationships were supported.Originality/valueThe field of entrepreneurship has become an attractive area of research for practitioners and academics. One tinted area of research in entrepreneurship is the investigation of EI because it is a good predictor of entrepreneurial behavior. Several antecedents of EIs have been recognized in the literature ranging from personality traits to environmental factors. However, less is known about the role of biology in entrepreneurship. Incorporating biological factors in the field of entrepreneurship appears to be theoretically viable and sound. Thus, this study investigates the effect of biological factors in the presence of psychological factors on EIs, which is a unique contribution to the literature on entrepreneurship.

Does Islamic values matter for Indonesian students’ entrepreneurial intention? The mediating role of entrepreneurial inspiration and attitude

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agus Wibowo ◽  
Sri Umi Mintarti Widjaja ◽  
Sugeng Hadi Utomo ◽  
Djoko Dwi Kusumojanto ◽  
Cipto Wardoyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Economic Education ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Islamic Values

Purpose Stimulating new business creating has been a decisive issue and the Indonesian Government is responding to this issue by providing entrepreneurship programs for Islamic students. This study aims to examine the impact of Islamic values and entrepreneurship education to predict Islamic students’ intention for business, as well as investigates the mediating role of entrepreneurial inspiration and attitudes. Design/methodology/approach The study estimates primary data obtained from a sample of 381 Islamic boarding students in a selected area in Indonesia who incorporated entrepreneurial education and practices. In addition, structural equation modeling has been incorporated to answer the hypotheses raised in the research. Findings The findings strengthen the study of the influence of Islamic values that affects both directly and through inspiration and motivation on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Additionally, it found the direct and indirect influences of entrepreneurship education on intentions for entrepreneurship through inspiration and motivation. Research limitations/implications This study has been cramped to draw a limited geographical area in Indonesia and the research’s implication is used for relevant themes in Islamic entrepreneurship. Practical implications The findings of this research give insights to promote students’ entrepreneurial intention from Islamic schools. Social implications The findings of this study offer a broader knowledge to enhance entrepreneurs through economic education in Islamic boarding schools. Originality/value These results provide insights into the important effects of Islamic values, particularly in the context of Islamic boarding schools. The findings suggest that Islamic values be an important contextual factor for Islamic boarding school students’ entrepreneurial intentions.

How do personal values help to build generation Y’s entrepreneurial intentions? The role of gender differences

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saïd Aboubaker Ettis
Keyword(s):  
Generation Y ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Venture Creation ◽  
Social Affiliation ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the extent to which personal values affect entrepreneurial intentions and the extent to which this relationship depends on gender among the millennial generation. Design/methodology/approach This relationship was examined using the list of values (LOV). Based on a sample of 600 respondents born between 1977 and 1994, a self-administered online questionnaire was conducted. Findings The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach demonstrated that Generation Y members who give higher priority to self-direction, social affiliation and hedonic orientation values have greater entrepreneurial intentions. Across gender, the PLS-multigroup analysis (MGA) approach reveals that self-direction values enhance entrepreneurial intention for Generation Y females but not for males. Social affiliation values improve entrepreneurial intention for Generation Y males but not for females. Hedonic orientation values rise entrepreneurial intentions for both Generation Y males and females similarly. The findings give also a ranking of the nine LOV. Research limitations/implications Across-cultural comparisons are lacking in this research. This study only focuses on the value–intention relationship. Future research could study the value–attitude–behavior. Practical implications The results provide implications to all agents concerned by promoting new enterprises and feminine entrepreneurship regarding the implementation of personal values in fostering the venture creation process and stimulation of people to become business owners. Originality/value Little is known about the role of personal values in venture creation. The findings provide support for the role personal values play in building entrepreneurial intentions. The focus here was on Generation Y. The generation that faces problems of unemployment, job loss and poverty specifically in the time of crises of the COVID-19 pandemic. The value-based entrepreneurship approach is a proliferating field of research as the world seeks to rebuild economies.

Entrepreneurial intentions: trust and network ties in online and face-to-face students

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noemí Pérez-Macías ◽  
José Luis Fernández-Fernández ◽  
Antonio Rua Vieites
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Permutation Test ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Network Ties ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Face To Face

PurposeBased on Azjen’s (1991) theory of planned behavior, the purpose of this paper is to complement the existing body of knowledge on entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) by comparing two different university environments in Spain (online and face-to-face) and their impact on EIs of university students using two components of social capital (SC), trust and network ties as variables with influence on the antecedents of EIs.Design/methodology/approachA survey was administered to online and face-to-face students yielding a total sample of 302 and 204, respectively. Partial least square–structural equation modeling is the technique employed to perform the analysis.FindingsSC has a significant influence on EIs in both environments with greater effects online, as a consequence of the mediated role played by network ties between trust and the attitude toward the behavior, the subjective norm and consequently, EIs.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors used a cross-sectional method. However, it would be interesting to obtain longitudinal data to provide a more valid support for the study.Practical implicationsThis study provides insight into the important role played by network ties based on trust in the entrepreneurship process and in the university environment.Originality/valueThis study contributes to understanding the differential impact of SC (trust and network ties) on the antecedents of EIs between the students enrolled in different university environments using two non-parametric techniques Henseler’s multigroup analysis and the permutation test.

The motivation behind an international entrepreneurial career after first employment experience

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Demetris Vrontis ◽  
Hani El Chaarani ◽  
Sam El Nemar ◽  
Zouhour EL-Abiad ◽  
Rayan Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Risk Awareness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Job Experience ◽  
Specific Geographical Area ◽  
Employment Experience ◽  
First Job

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to extend the current literature on international entrepreneurial careers by employing the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. It mainly aims at identifying determinants of international entrepreneurial intentions among young people and after their first employment experience in Lebanon.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses SEM on a sample of 150 young Lebanese employees to analyze the relationships among the model constructs.FindingsThe SEM broadly holds and adequately fits the data. The entrepreneurship context and the motivation of young employees are the variables that positively affect entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship education and social norms have no statistically significant impact. Finally, risk awareness and professional experience are the variables that negatively affect entrepreneurial intentions. The level of international entrepreneurial intentions among young Lebanese employees is relatively low, which may be justified by the bad economic and political situation.Research limitations/implicationsData were drawn from organizations located in a specific geographical area, namely, Lebanon. Thus, this may constrain the generalizability as well as causality of the results.Originality/valueThis study provides an empirical explanation of having an international entrepreneurial career after the first employment experience, with a sample of 150 young employees in Lebanon. By applying the SEM, this study developed a multi-perspective framework covering various factors that may affect the choice of an international career in entrepreneurship, especially after the first job experience. Even though this study's results reflect a particular case, its recommendations could facilitate the achievement of better learning outcomes.

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