scholarly journals Entrepreneurial skills and wage employment

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksander Kucel ◽  
Montserrat Vilalta-Bufi
Keyword(s):  
Parental Education ◽  
Heckman Selection Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Entrepreneurial Skills ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Heckman Selection

Purpose – Promotion of entrepreneurial skills is often considered as an adequate policy to enhance job creation and economic growth. However, neither the definition of entrepreneurial skills, nor the costs and benefits of such a policy are clear. The purpose of this paper is to check whether the benefits of entrepreneurial skills extent beyond self-employment. The authors denote entrepreneurial skills as those competencies that enhance the likelihood of self-employment. Then the authors analyze whether they are rewarded in wage employment. Design/methodology/approach – The authors estimate a Heckman selection model with wages in a salaried job as the main dependent variable and working in wage employment vs self-employment as the selection equation. The authors use a sample of higher education graduates from Spain, from the year 2000 interviewed in 2005 within the REFLEX survey. Findings – Results reveal that alertness to new opportunities, ability to mobilize others and knowledge of other fields are the competencies that enhance self-employment in Spain. Yet, these skills are not rewarded in a salaried job. Therefore, benefits of policies fostering entrepreneurial skills do not extend to wage employment in Spain. Research limitations/implications – The exclusion restriction used in the analysis is father’s education. The authors assume that all the effect of parental education on wages goes through education attainment of the individual and her ability (proxied by her grade in secondary education). A better proxy for ability would be desirable. Originality/value – The authors identify which competencies enhance self-employment in Spain. The authors find that these competencies are not rewarded in wage employment, so the benefits of policies promoting entrepreneurial education remain within self-employment activity only.

Digital competences of the workforce – a research topic?

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Murawski ◽  
Markus Bick
Keyword(s):  
Research Topic ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Digital Competence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Considering working in the digital age, questions on the consequences for the individual workers are, so far, often neglected. The purpose of this paper is to deal with the question of whether the digital competences of the workforce is a research topic. The authors argue for the thesis that it is indeed a research topic. Design/methodology/approach In addition to a literature analysis of the top IS, HR, and learning publications, non-scientific sources, as well as the opinions of the authors, are included. The authors’ thesis is challenged through a debate of corresponding pros and cons. Findings The definition of digital competences lacks scientific depth. Focussing on the workforce is valid, as a “lifelong” perspective is not mandatory for research. Digital competence research is a multidisciplinary task to which the IS field can make a valuable contribution. Research limitations/implications Although relevant references are included, some aspects are mainly driven by the opinions of the authors. The theoretical implications encompass a call for a scientific definition of digital competences. Furthermore, scholars should focus on the competences of the workforce, including occupations, roles, or industries. The authors conclude by providing a first proposal of a research agenda. Practical implications The practical implications include the alignment of multiple stakeholders for the design of “digital” curricula and the integration by HR departments of the construct of digital competences, e.g. for compensation matters and job requirements. Originality/value This paper is one of very few contributions in the area of the digital competences of the workforce, and it presents a starting point for future research activities.

What explains the recourse of US commercial banks to securitization?

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nesrine Bensalah ◽  
Hassouna Fedhila
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Regulatory Capital ◽  
Heckman Selection Model ◽  
Mortgage Loans ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Risk Transfer ◽  
Credit Risk Transfer ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Heckman Selection

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the reasons that urge US banks to securitize. Design/methodology/approach The authors apply a logistic regression model to a sample of 5,394 observations. The dependent variable takes 1 if the bank securitizes and 0 if not. The authors use also, a Heckman selection model to account for the potential dependence between the decision to securitize and the decision of which assets to securitize. Findings The results indicate that liquidity, credit risk transfer, regulatory capital arbitrage and profitability are the most important factors that drive securitization in the USA. Moreover, the nature of the asset securitized appears to be dependent on the objective that the bank pursues. For funding and capital arbitrage objectives, the bank needs to securitize its mortgage loans. However, for credit risk transfer purposes, it has to opt for a non mortgage securitization. The nature of the asset securitized can thus, be used as a signal for bank’s intentions to securitize. Originality/value This study contributes to a better understanding of the reasons that urge banks to securitize. It also presents, using a Heckman selection procedure, a detailed analysis that discriminates between different types of securitization.

Talent quotient: development and validation of a measurement scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-323
Author(s):  
J.A. Yogalakshmi ◽  
M.V. Supriya
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Development And Validation

PurposeThe aim of the current study was to develop and validate a measure for identifying talent in the workplace. This is a gap long identified by researchers in this field.Design/methodology/approachHinkins methodology was adopted for the establishment of a psychometrically sound measure. A 16-item scale for assessing the construct was developed. The reliability and validity were established by analyzing content adequacy, convergent validity, divergent validity and external validity. Primary data were collected from employees signaled as talent by their organization.FindingsThe study yielded a six-factor structure scale for the construct. These factors accounted for 66.8 percent of observed variance. All six dimensions, namely, calling orientation, critical insight, continuous learning, collaboration, cohesiveness and challenge drive established acceptable reliability and validity.Social implicationsThe research provides a precise definition of the talent construct. Identification and retention of individuals with a high talent quotient is a critical challenge to organizations. Identifying talent is made possible through this measurement scale.Originality/valueThis research made an attempt to develop a reliable and valid measurement scale for the talent construct. The scale provides a precise definition of the talent construct. This simple sound scale could be useful at both the individual and organizational levels. It helps individuals to identify and focus on critical areas for achieving talent status. Organizations benefit through better human resource management practice. Identification and retention of talent are essential to career management. Overall, it also satisfies the urgent need in talent management research for a clear definition of the talent construct.

Assessing the impact of entrepreneurial skills development on self-employment practices amongst Egyptian and Bahraini accounting students in public and private universities

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1101-1120
Author(s):  
Sameh Reyad ◽  
Sherine Badawi ◽  
Allam Hamdan
Keyword(s):  
Public Universities ◽  
Private Universities ◽  
Accounting Students ◽  
Employment Practices ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Entrepreneurial Skills ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper examines the development of entrepreneurial skills amongst accounting students in public and private universities and its impact on career pathways, including self-employment. Also, the paper explores what skills have an effect on self-employment intentions. Design/Methodology/approach This study uses a quantitative approach to measure the entrepreneurial skills developed by accounting students in business schools and whether these skills direct them to choose to start their own business. A questionnaire was developed and a sample of 583 Egyptian and Bahraini accounting students was used. Findings The study concludes that in private universities, there is no difference in the development of entrepreneurial skills and subsequent self-employment practices between students in Egypt and Bahrain. When it comes to public universities, students in Bahrain develop better entrepreneurial skills and subsequent self-employment practices than students in Egypt. In addition, private universities are better than public universities in representing the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and self-employment practices. Originality/value This study and its conclusions fill a gap in the literature in comparing public and private universities to highlight the relationship between developing accounting students’ entrepreneurial skills and their self-employment practices. This study is the first to compare universities in Egypt and the Kingdom of Bahrain.

Flat tax system and heterogeneity of self-employment

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherzodbek Safarov ◽  
Dilnovoz Abdurazzakova
Keyword(s):  
Logit Model ◽  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Flat Tax ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the effect of the flat tax system on self-employment by necessity and by opportunity. Specifically, the paper examines whether individuals decide to switch from wage-employment to self-employment by necessity or by opportunity when government imposes a flat tax system. Design/methodology/approach To analyze the association of a flat tax system with occupational choice this paper uses both multinomial and ordinary logit models. In the multi-nominal logit model, this study separates dependent variables into three categories: wage employee, self-employed by necessity and self-employed by opportunity. In the second step of analyzes using the ordinary logit model, this paper studies only self-employed individuals by distinguishing them according to their preferences. Findings The results suggest that, in countries with the imposed flat tax system, the probability of being self-employed by necessity is low, while the probability of being self-employed by opportunity is high. Moreover, better economic growth in the country also elevates the chances of individuals to be self-employed by opportunity. Originality/value Out novel contribution is documenting that flat tax system in transition countries increases the number of individuals self-employed by opportunity compared to self-employed by necessity.

The role of social capital in private placement: evidence from Rule 144A debt issuances

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianrong Wang ◽  
Haizhi Wang ◽  
Desheng Yin ◽  
Yun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Heckman Selection Model ◽  
Yield Spreads ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Private Placement ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach ◽  
Heckman Selection

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of social capital in the issuances of Rule 144A debt. Using a sample of 1,378 debt offerings from 1997 to 2015 in the US, this paper provides empirical evidence on whether and to what extent social capital affects the cost of Rule 144A debt.Design/methodology/approachThis paper employs a county-level measure of social capital and links social capital to the yield spreads of Rule 144A debt. A Heckman selection model is sued to address the sample selection bias, and an instrumental variable approach and propensity score matching methodology are implemented to deal with the potential endogeneity issue. The authors check for robustness using an alternative measure of social capital.FindingsThe results of the analysis provide evidence that issuers headquartered in the counties with higher levels of social capital experience lower yield spreads in their Rule 144A debt offerings. The findings are robust to a Heckman selection model, an instrumental variable approach and propensity score matching. Furthermore, the analysis reveals the marginal effect of social capital that the effect of social capital is more pronounced for the issuing firms with higher agency cost of debt and lower institutional ownership. The effect of social capital is more prominent after financial crisis.Originality/valueThis paper provides novel evidence of the effect of social capital on the cost of privately placed debt. The issuances of Rule 144A debt are subject to significant information asymmetry and are targeted at sophisticated institutional investors. This paper sheds further light on how institutional investors incorporate the regional social capital in their pricing scheme of private placement of Rule 144A debt.

The impact of transitions into wage-employment for satisfied and unsatisfied entrepreneurs

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Mattes
Keyword(s):  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Emotional Life ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Family Balance ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Work Family ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – Should unsatisfied/satisfied entrepreneurs transition into wage-employment? The purpose of this paper is to investigate the financial, physical, social and emotional consequences of the decision. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses an Australian, nationally representative panel for two Bayesian multivariate regressions. Findings – Unsatisfied entrepreneurs that transition from self- to wage-employment improve their income, life and job satisfaction. For satisfied entrepreneurs, continuing or transitioning makes little difference: job and life satisfaction develop similarly. The health of continuing entrepreneurs suffers regardless of whether they are satisfied or unsatisfied. Research limitations/implications – Unobserved heterogeneity is only addressed within cohorts, not across cohorts. It is possible, that transitioning entrepreneurs are inherently different from continuing entrepreneurs. Further research could include a more fine-grained study of entrepreneurship’s negative health implications or include work-family balance as return to self-employment. Practical implications – The findings offer clear advice to entrepreneurs that are unsatisfied with their venture: they will likely benefit from transitioning to wage-employment. In addition, it offers a warning to individuals with existing health issues who are considering self-employment. Originality/value – Academic interest in entrepreneurship exit is growing. This paper is the first to study the financial, physical, social and emotional life consequences of both satisfied and unsatisfied entrepreneurs. It contributes to the discussion of what motivates entrepreneurs to become and remain self-employed.

Intergenerational links, gender differences, and determinants of self-employment

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongxu Wu ◽  
Zhongmin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Female Self ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Lump Sum ◽  
Intergenerational Links ◽  
The Individual

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of self-employment, using data from the British Household Panel Survey. Design/methodology/approach – Using the maximum likelihood estimation, the authors estimate the Probit models via disaggregation of the sample by male and female, and inclusion of regional and industrial controls. Findings – This paper finds that the intergenerational links in self-employment run significantly through father-son, and mother-daughter. In addition, the authors find that lump-sum endowment, aspiration, marriage and education attainment are all significant and positive determinants for female self-employed while insignificant for male self-employed. Variables including number of children, health of the individual, and age effect are more important determinants for male than for female self-employed. Research limitations/implications – The findings show that there are significant differences between male and female self-employed. Future studies on self-employment should therefore distinguish the two genders in their econometric models. Originality/value – The authors reinforce and add to the exiting literature on gender differences in the determinants of self-employment. The authors disaggregate the data by gender, and introduce some important variables for empirical studies, such as father self-employed, mother self-employed, aspiration, health of the individual, and age effect.

Current reporting of responsiveness in acute cerebral disorders

1988 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 692-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Erik Starmark ◽  
Eddy Holmgren ◽  
Daniel Stålhammar
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sum Score ◽  
Grade Scale ◽  
Patient Responsiveness ◽  
Single Method ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fine Print

✓ One hundred sixty-six papers published in seven neurosurgical journals from 1983 through 1985 have been surveyed to determine the methods used for assessment of overall patient responsiveness in acute cerebral disorders (coma grading). Fifty-one different coma scales or modifications were found. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) sum score (that is, the sum of the scores of the individual eye, verbal, and motor scales) dominated (54%), and was used in 73 (76%) of 96 of the head-injury studies; in 56 (77%) of these 73 studies it was the single method of grading neurological status. The GCS sum score was used in 16 (23%) of 70 studies in patients with other etiologies. The Hunt and Hess scale was used in 26 (57%) of 46 reports of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. In 31 (55%) of the 56 studies of head injuries using the GCS alone, it was not obvious if the 12- or 13-grade scale was used. In 13 studies (23%) no reference to methodological investigations was made. In 44 papers (79%) the handling of untestable features, such as intubation or swollen eyes, was not reported. In the 56 studies using the GCS alone, coma was defined in many different ways and in 22 studies the definition of coma was not specified. In 63% of reports, the GCS sum score scale was combined in one to five groups of scores and this was done in 32 different ways. No information was available to describe the procedure of data aggregation or the reliability of the 13-grade GCS sum score. The lack of standardization makes it unnecessarily difficult to perform valid comparisons between different series of patients. Since the GCS sum score is the most widely used scale, it is suggested that the reporting of the GCS sum score should be standardized regarding pseudoscoring, coma definition, and use of combined scores. Further studies on the reliability of the GCS sum score are needed.

Exploring adaptability in organizations

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Ramón Tejeiro Koller
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Complex Concept ◽  
Innovative Firms ◽  
Organization Ecology ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the development of a new perspective on adaptive strategy design. It examines the concept of adaptive advantage, as such a new perspective, and seeks to improve its understanding and application. The study of its origins leads to a solid comprehension of the concept and the proposal of a certain company profile. This could serve as a foundation for further research and as benchmark for companies trying to be more responsive to change and ultimately more resilient. Design/methodology/approach Three theories of the area of adaptability, namely, organization ecology, corporate demography and complexity-based thinking, have been studied conducting a review of the relevant literature of each one. After drawing out the individual contributions, a definition of adaptive advantage is offered and the question about its implementation in an organization is posed. Consequently, indicators of the three elements impacting adaptability, innovation culture, decision-making style and accumulated experience are measured in a sample of “old” and innovative firms. In order to do so, three questionnaires have been used, resulting in a case description of an archetype of adaptive companies. Findings It is shown that the expected elements are present, but in a lesser degree than expected. In conclusion, the trial study shows a pattern of “old,” innovative firms, whose cultures promote innovation, are analytic and adaptive in their decision making and have relatively high levels of accumulated experience. Originality/value This general review improves the comprehension of a complex concept currently under debate in the field of strategic planning. It explains the areas of the firm implicated in the achievement of adaptive advantage and tries to clarify a practical application of the concept.

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