Feasibility of smart wearables for driver drowsiness detection and its potential among different age groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kundinger ◽  
Phani Krishna Yalavarthi ◽  
Andreas Riener ◽  
Philipp Wintersberger ◽  
Clemens Schartmüller
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Drowsiness Detection ◽  
Driver Drowsiness

Purpose Drowsiness is a common cause of severe road accidents. Therefore, numerous drowsiness detection methods were developed and explored in recent years, especially concepts using physiological measurements achieved promising results. Nevertheless, existing systems have some limitations that hinder their use in vehicles. To overcome these limitations, this paper aims to investigate the development of a low-cost, non-invasive drowsiness detection system, using physiological signals obtained from conventional wearable devices. Design/methodology/approach Two simulator studies, the first study in a low-level driving simulator (N = 10) to check feasibility and efficiency, and the second study in a high-fidelity driving simulator (N = 30) including two age groups, were conducted. An algorithm was developed to extract features from the heart rate signals and a data set was created by labelling these features according to the identified driver state in the simulator study. Using this data set, binary classifiers were trained and tested using various machine learning algorithms. Findings The trained classifiers reached a classification accuracy of 99.9%, which is similar to the results obtained by the studies which used intrusive electrodes to detect ECG. The results revealed that heart rate patterns are sensitive to the drivers’ age, i.e. models trained with data from one age group are not efficient in detecting drowsiness for another age group, suggesting to develop universal driver models with data from different age groups combined with individual driver models. Originality/value This work investigated the feasibility of driver drowsiness detection by solely using physiological data from wrist-worn wearable devices, such as smartwatches or fitness trackers that are readily available in the consumer market. It was found that such devices are reliable in drowsiness detection.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Potential of Wrist-Worn Wearable Sensors for Driver Drowsiness Detection

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kundinger ◽  
Nikoletta Sofra ◽  
Andreas Riener
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
User Study ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Drowsiness Detection ◽  
Driver Drowsiness ◽  
Medical Grade

Drowsy driving imposes a high safety risk. Current systems often use driving behavior parameters for driver drowsiness detection. The continuous driving automation reduces the availability of these parameters, therefore reducing the scope of such methods. Especially, techniques that include physiological measurements seem to be a promising alternative. However, in a dynamic environment such as driving, only non- or minimal intrusive methods are accepted, and vibrations from the roadbed could lead to degraded sensor technology. This work contributes to driver drowsiness detection with a machine learning approach applied solely to physiological data collected from a non-intrusive retrofittable system in the form of a wrist-worn wearable sensor. To check accuracy and feasibility, results are compared with reference data from a medical-grade ECG device. A user study with 30 participants in a high-fidelity driving simulator was conducted. Several machine learning algorithms for binary classification were applied in user-dependent and independent tests. Results provide evidence that the non-intrusive setting achieves a similar accuracy as compared to the medical-grade device, and high accuracies (>92%) could be achieved, especially in a user-dependent scenario. The proposed approach offers new possibilities for human–machine interaction in a car and especially for driver state monitoring in the field of automated driving.

Visual, Perceptual, and Cognitive Measures as Predictors of Collision Detection in Older Drivers

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 1018-1022
Author(s):  
Christina L. James ◽  
Kathryn Wochinger ◽  
W. Spencer James ◽  
Deborah Boehm-Davis
Keyword(s):  
Collision Detection ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Error Type ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Dependent Variables

This experiment examined whether visual, perceptual, or cognitive measures predicted the ability to detect vehicle collisions in intersections. Sixty subjects, comprised of three age groups balanced by gender, were presented dynamic intersection approaches in a part-task driving simulator. The subjects were asked to project the forward progress of crossing traffic and to indicate whether any of the crossing vehicles would conflict with their vehicle. Independent variables included visual, perceptual, and cognitive test batteries. Dependent variables included accuracy in collision detection and error type. Results showed that all three batteries predicted accuracy, but that the perceptual battery was the most predictive for each age group.

Age and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: why do older patients fare worse?

1996 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lanzino ◽  
Neal F. Kassell ◽  
Teresa P. Germanson ◽  
Gail L. Kongable ◽  
Laura L. Truskowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Poor Outcome ◽  
Symptomatic Vasospasm ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Advanced age is a recognized prognostic indicator of poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The relationship of age to other prognostic factors and outcome was evaluated using data from the multicenter randomized trial of nicardipine in SAH conducted in 21 neurosurgical centers in North America. Among the 906 patients who were studied, five different age groups were considered: 40 years or less, 41 to 50, 51 to 60, 61 to 70, and more than 71 years. Twenty-three percent of the individuals enrolled were older than 60 years of age. Women outnumbered men in all age groups. Level of consciousness (p = 0.0002) and World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade (p = 0.0001) at admission worsened with advancing age. Age was also related to the presence of a thick subarachnoid clot (p = 0.0001), intraventricular hemorrhage (p = 0.0003), and hydrocephalus (p = 0.0001) on an admission computerized tomography scan. The rebleeding rate increased from 4.5% in the youngest age group to 16.4% in patients more than 70 years of age (p = 0.002). As expected, preexisting medical conditions, such as diabetes (p = 0.028), hypertension (p = 0.0001), and pulmonary (p = 0.0084), myocardial (p = 0.0001), and cerebrovascular diseases (p = 0.0001), were positively associated with age. There were no age-related differences in the day of admission following SAH, timing of the surgery and/or location, and size (small vs. large) of the ruptured aneurysm. During the treatment period, the incidence of severe complications (that is, those complications considered life threatening by the reporting investigator) increased with advancing age, occurring in 28%, 33%, 36%, 40%, and 46% of the patients in each advancing age group, respectively (p = 0.0002). No differences were observed in the reported frequency of surgical complications. No age-related differences were found in the overall incidence of angiographic vasospasm; however, symptomatic vasospasm was more frequently reported in the older age groups (p = 0.01). Overall outcome, assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale at 3 months post-SAH, was poorer with advancing age (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis of overall outcome, adjusting for the different prognostic factors, did not remove the age effect, which suggests that the aging brain has a less optimal response to the initial bleeding. Age as a risk factor is a continuum; however, there seems to be a significant increased risk of poor outcome after the age of 60 years.

Age-specific survival in prostate cancer using machine learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-234
Author(s):  
M.N. Doja ◽  
Ishleen Kaur ◽  
Tanvir Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Metastatic Prostate Cancer ◽  
Information Gain ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Complete Dataset ◽  
Average Accuracy

PurposeThe incidence of prostate cancer is increasing from the past few decades. Various studies have tried to determine the survival of patients, but metastatic prostate cancer is still not extensively explored. The survival rate of metastatic prostate cancer is very less compared to the earlier stages. The study aims to investigate the survivability of metastatic prostate cancer based on the age group to which a patient belongs, and the difference between the significance of the attributes for different age groups.Design/methodology/approachData of metastatic prostate cancer patients was collected from a cancer hospital in India. Two predictive models were built for the analysis-one for the complete dataset, and the other for separate age groups. Machine learning was applied to both the models and their accuracies were compared for the analysis. Also, information gain for each model has been evaluated to determine the significant predictors for each age group.FindingsThe ensemble approach gave the best results of 81.4% for the complete dataset, and thus was used for the age-specific models. The results concluded that the age-specific model had the direct average accuracy of 83.74% and weighted average accuracy of 79.9%, with the highest accuracy levels for age less than 60.Originality/valueThe study developed a model that predicts the survival of metastatic prostate cancer based on age. The study will be able to assist the clinicians in determining the best course of treatment for each patient based on ECOG, age and comorbidities.

scholarly journals Monitoring and sensing COVID-19 symptoms as a precaution using electronic wearable devices

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine M.S. ◽  
Lakshmanan L. ◽  
Resmi R. Nair ◽  
Visu P. ◽  
Ganesan R. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Status ◽  
Medium Risk

Purpose The purpose fo this paper is to Monitor and sense the sysmptoms of COVID-19 as a preliminary measure using electronic wearable devices. This variability is sensed by electrocardiograms observed from a multi-parameter monitor and electronic wearable. This field of interest has evolved into a wide area of investigation with today’s advancement in technology of internet of things for immediate sensing and processing information about profound pain. A window span is estimated and reports of profound pain data are used for monitoring heart rate variability (HRV). A median heart rate is considered for comparisons with a diverse range of variable information obtained from sensors and monitors. Observations from healthy patients are introduced to identify how root mean square of difference between inter beat intervals, standard deviation of inter-beat intervals and mean heart rate value are normalized in HRV analysis. Design/methodology/approach The function of a human heart relates back to the autonomic nervous system, which organizes and maintains a healthy maneuver of inter connected organs. HRV has to be determined for analyzing and reporting the status of health, fitness, readiness and possibilities for recovery, and thus, a metric for deeming the presence of COVID-19. Identifying the variations in heart rate, monitoring and assessing profound pain levels are potential lives saving measures in medical industries. Findings Experiments are proposed to be done in electrical and thermal point of view and this composition will deliver profound pain levels ranging from 0 to 10. Real time detection of pain levels will assist the care takers to facilitate people in an aging population for a painless lifestyle. Originality/value The presented research has documented the stages of COVID-19, symptoms and a mechanism to monitor the progress of the disease through better parameters. Risk factors of the disease are carefully analyzed, compared with test results, and thus, concluded that considering the HRV can study better in the presence of ignorance and negligence. The same mechanism can be implemented along with a global positioning system (GPS) system to track the movement of patients during isolation periods. Despite the stringent control measurements for locking down all industries, the rate of affected people is still on the rise. To counter this, people have to be educated about the deadly effects of COVID-19 and foolproof systems should be in place to control the transmission from affected people to new people. Medications to suppress temperatures, will not be sufficient to alter the heart rate variations, and thus, the proposed mechanism implemented the same. The proposed study can be extended to be associated with Government mobile apps for regular and a consortium of single tracking. Measures can be taken to distribute the low-cost proposal to people for real time tracking and regular updates about high and medium risk patients.

scholarly journals Extragenital Screening Is Essential for Comprehensive Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Pediatric Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Uprety ◽  
Ana María Cárdenas
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the two most common causes of sexually transmitted disease in the United States. Studies in adults, mostly in men who have sex with men, have shown that the prevalence of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections is much higher in extragenital sources compared to urogenital sources. A similar large sample of data on the burden of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections by anatomic site is lacking in children. We retrospectively analyzed data from 655 patients tested for C. trachomatis (887 specimens) and N. gonorrhoeae (890 specimens) at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. We restricted the analysis to include patients between 2 and 17 years of age that had all three sources (urine, oropharynx, and rectum) collected at the same visit. The final data set included specimens from all three sources from 148 and 154 patients for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae, respectively. Specimens were tested for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae using a Gen-Probe Aptima Combo 2 assay. The burden of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infection was significantly higher in the 14- to 17-year age group (24.7%, P = 0.041; 25.8%; P = 0.001) compared to the 10- to 13-year (5.9%; 5.6%), 6- to 9-year (4.6%; 4.6%), and 2- to 5-year (8.3%; 0%) age groups, respectively. The positivity rate for C. trachomatis was highest for rectal (16.2%), followed by urine (5.4%) and oropharyngeal (0.7%) sites. The positivity rate for N. gonorrhoeae was highest for rectal sites (10.4%), followed by oropharyngeal (9.7%) and urine (1.9%) sites. The source with highest diagnostic yield is rectum for C. trachomatis and rectum and oropharynx for N. gonorrhoeae. Hence, extragenital screening is critical for the comprehensive detection of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in the pediatric population.

Intestinal parasites in swine in the Nordic countries: multilevel modelling of Ascaris suum infections in relation to production factors

Parasitology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ROEPSTORFF ◽  
O. NILSSON ◽  
C. J. O'CALLAGHAN ◽  
A. OKSANEN ◽  
B. GJERDE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Water System ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Normal Regression ◽  
Weaning Age

In Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, 413 sow herds were randomly selected for sampling. Faeces from pigs of 7 age groups/categories were examined for helminth eggs (11233 individual samples), and an accompanying questionnaire was completed at each visit. In total, 1138 pigs on 230 farms were found to be positive for Ascaris suum. Considerable differences in the occurrence of A. suum could be observed directly for several of 20 independent variables at the herd or category level. However, given that univariate analyses may be severely affected by confounding of covariates resulting in spurious inference, additional multivariate analyses were undertaken. An ordinary logistic regression on Ascaris positive/negative farms showed that Denmark had the highest frequency of infected herds, while Iceland and Finland had the lowest frequencies and that herds using ‘late weaning’ and ‘Class 2’ drugs (pyrantel, levamisole) were most often infected. Because many herds were found to be totally negative for A. suum, mixed hierarchical logistic-normal regression models (both the penalized quasi-likelihood and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods) were developed for both a full (all herds) and a reduced (the 230 infected herds) data set using either a cut-off of >0 eggs per gram (epg) or >200 epg to counter for false-positive egg counts. Estimates for identical models, but where the animal level variance was constrained to the binomial assumption, were also calculated. Significant covariates were robust to model development with ‘Age group’, ‘Country’, ‘Weaning age’, ‘Water system’ and simple interactions between the latter two and ‘Age group’ being significantly associated with the occurrence of A. suum, while all variables concerning anthelmintic drug, anthelmintic strategy, floor type, bedding, dung removal, washing and disinfection were not. These findings are discussed in the light of the complex relationship between A. suum and its pig host.

From children to seniors: is culture accessible to everyone?

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Tešin ◽  
Sanja Kovačić ◽  
Tatjana Pivac ◽  
Miroslav D. Vujičić ◽  
Sanja Obradović
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Novi Sad ◽  
The City ◽  
Descriptive Statistical Analysis

Purpose The main objective of the study is to analyse the perception of accessibility to cultural for different age groups (children, teenagers, adults and seniors) in the city of Novi Sad (Serbia). Additional goals were to reveal which cultural contents in the city are the most important to which particular age group and to measure the level of compatibility with their needs. Design/methodology/approach The study sample consisted of 170 respondents of different age groups used for comparison purposes. Data were collected through an online questionnaire and analysed by IBM SPSS Statistics (descriptive statistical analysis and ANOVA test). Findings The results of this research showed that a gap is evident between the current cultural offer and the needs and preferences of visitors of different age groups. One of the significant obstacles that emerged is the inadequate promotion of cultural contents in the city to different age groups of visitors (children, teenagers, adults and seniors). The study also identified the age groups of visitors to whom the cultural offer was least adapted, as well as mapping the cultural institutions which are least accessible to audiences of different ages. Originality/value The paper addresses the knowledge gap related to accessibility to cultural for different generations. It focuses on topics that have not been previously researched – comparison of the needs of different generations concerning the actual offer in cultural institutions, addressing the importance of certain elements of a cultural offer to different age groups and the level of accessibility of such features to different age groups.

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