Social capital and fiscal performance in India during 1991-2012

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-204
Author(s):  
Soumyananda Dinda
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fiscal Performance ◽  
People Participation

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between social capital and fiscal performance using provincial sub-national state-level data in India during 1991-2012. Fiscal performance in India is based on social trust on fiscal institutions that emphasizes mainly social need for economic development. Design/methodology/approach People participation in public affairs or simply vote turnover in general election in India is taken to measure social trust on fiscal institution. Applying principal component analysis, the author constructs social capital index and examines the said relation also. Models are estimated using panel data techniques. Findings Strong social capital reduces fiscal deficits. As one percent vote turnover rate rises, fiscal deficit reduces by 2.6-2.8 percent during 1991-2012. The empirical findings suggest that social capital indirectly controls the fiscal performance of the elected government. The results are robust to a number of control variables. Originality/value The strong political trust is established through high turnover rate and vote share in the election for formation of government that creates the platform for sound fiscal policy decisions.

Social Capital

2019 ◽  
pp. 642-645
Author(s):  
Kenneth Newton
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Democratic Government ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Intractable Problems ◽  
Social Traps

Social capital, which is built upon trust, social networks, and the coordination of collective action, is said to be the glue binding society together and the lubricant that facilitates frictionless democratic government. General social trust—trust in strangers and people unlike ourselves—helps to breed political trust and vice versa, and together they help to build and maintain democratic government, the norms of civic engagement, and confidence in government institutions. This chapter examines the theoretical and practical problems to be resolved. Do the causal arrows run upwards from individuals to institutions or downwards from institutions to individuals? If the bottom-up approach is accepted, then social engineering must concentrate on raising levels of education and wealth. The top-down approach requires building state institutions that are impartial, corruption-free, and transparent. Either way, the intractable problems of bootstraps and social traps must be solved.

scholarly journals Examining political participation in Lithuania: The direct and mediated effects of social trust

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-71
Author(s):  
Teodora Gaidytė ◽  
Jasper Muis
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Civic Culture ◽  
Core Element ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
The Social

This article investigates the effects of social trust, both direct and mediated – via internal and external efficacy – on different forms of political participation in post-communist Lithuania. The relationship between social trust and participation features prominently in the social capital and civic culture literature, but little empirical evidence exists that supports it, especially in post-communist democracies. We use the Lithuanian National Elections Study 2012 to test our hypotheses and replicate our analysis with the European Social Survey waves of 2014 and 2016. Our results show that social trust increases turnout, because it is related to a sense of external efficacy, which in turn enhances the likelihood that people vote. There is, however, no association between social trust and being involved in other institutionalised politics, namely, working for a political party. Interestingly, we find a positive indirect effect for non-institutionalised political participation: social trust increases external efficacy, which in turn enhances protest behaviour. Overall, however, social trust does not lead to more protesting, because the former is at the same time positively related to political trust, which seems to decrease, rather than increase non-institutionalised participation. In sum, our findings demonstrate that explanations for political participation based on the core element of social capital – social trust – work out differently for different forms of political participation.

When does daily job performance motivate learning behavior? The stimulation of high turnover rate

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoping Pu ◽  
Guanglei Zhang ◽  
Chi-Shing Tse ◽  
Jiaojiao Feng ◽  
Yipeng Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Future Selves ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Motivate Learning

Purpose This study aims to investigate whether and how a high turnover rate stimulates employees to engage more in learning behavior. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on self-regulation theory, the authors suggest that the motive for employees to engage in learning behavior is to improve themselves. Such a need can be activated when they reflect on themselves and realize the discrepancy between their current selves and desired future selves. The authors argue that the employees’ perceived poor performance at daily work may induce their desire for self-improvement via making the future work selves salient, and in turn engage more in learning behavior. This is particularly so when turnover rate is high because employees may be alert of and concerned more about their own poor performance. In an experience sampling study, the authors obtained evidence for these hypotheses. Findings When turnover rate was high, employees’ poor performance increased salience of future work selves, which in turn facilitated their learning behavior. This relationship was not significant when turnover rate was low. Originality/value Contrary to the typical view that high turnover rate leads to knowledge loss for the companies, the present study findings suggest that it could also serve as a motivational factor facilitating employees’ learning behavior, which is an important way to increase knowledge pool of the companies.

scholarly journals Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 α-Fucosidases Are Active on Fucosylated Human Milk Oligosaccharides

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 795-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Sela ◽  
Daniel Garrido ◽  
Larry Lerno ◽  
Shuai Wu ◽  
Kemin Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Biochemical Kinetics ◽  
Time Dependent Effect

ABSTRACTBifidobacterium longumsubsp.infantisATCC 15697 utilizes several small-mass neutral human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), several of which are fucosylated. Whereas previous studies focused on endpoint consumption, a temporal glycan consumption profile revealed a time-dependent effect. Specifically, among preferred HMOs, tetraose was favored early in fermentation, with other oligosaccharides consumed slightly later. In order to utilize fucosylated oligosaccharides, ATCC 15697 possesses several fucosidases, implicating GH29 and GH95 α-l-fucosidases in a gene cluster dedicated to HMO metabolism. Evaluation of the biochemical kinetics demonstrated that ATCC 15697 expresses three fucosidases with a high turnover rate. Moreover, several ATCC 15697 fucosidases are active on the linkages inherent to the HMO molecule. Finally, the HMO cluster GH29 α-l-fucosidase possesses a crystal structure that is similar to previously characterized fucosidases.

Social capital influences farmer participation in collective irrigation management in Shaanxi Province, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Miao ◽  
Wim Heijman ◽  
Xueqin Zhu ◽  
Qian Lu
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Reciprocity

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of four components of social capital on farmers’ participative behaviour in collective actions for constructing and operating small-scale groundwater irrigation systems on the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi Province, China. Design/methodology/approach – The four components (social networks, social trust, social reciprocity and social participation) were derived by employing exploratory factor analysis. Logistic model was used to estimate the influence of these components on farmers’ participative behaviour. Information was obtained from a field survey covering six counties in 2011 of Shaanxi Province, China. Findings – The findings indicate that considering different components of social capital allows for a better understanding of farmers’ participative behaviour. The authors find that higher levels of social trust and social participation lead to a higher propensity for collective action, while social reciprocity reduces the probability of participation. Other socio-economic factors and farming characteristics such as education levels, cultivated area, cropping patterns and grain subsidies also have a significant impact. Practical implications – The findings suggest creating favourable conditions for communication and information exchanges between households, which enhance their trust of each other, and encourage farmers to participate in collective affairs. Moreover, supportive rules are necessary for the future development of collective action. The results of this study also have implications for national irrigation plans for small-scale irrigation facilities in other developing countries. Originality/value – A consideration of the different components of social capital allows for a more precise understanding of farmers’ participative behaviour.

The effect of anticorruption policies on social and political trust: a comparative approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 658-670
Author(s):  
Dagmar Radin
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect

Purpose Corruption and anti-corruption are two often studied topics in social sciences today and often highly debated issues in both the national and international political arena. They are important in the context of democratization and democratic consolidation as they include the idea of a government that serves its citizens in a transparent manner, and tie with it notions of social and political trust. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between anti-corruption policies and social and political trust and hypothesizes that anti-corruption policies have a desired positive effect on social and political trust in settings with low and moderate levels of corruption, whereas they have no effect in highly corrupt settings. Design/methodology/approach The study uses regression analysis and includes all world democracies (33) for which complete data are available for a period of nine years (2005-2014). Findings Results indicate that anti-corruption policies have the expected results on social trust: in low to moderately corrupt countries, the effect is positive, while it disappears in highly corrupt countries. There are no significant effects on political trust. Research limitations/implications While the results are mixed, they point to the importance of studying further the relationship. Originality/value This study is important because it questions the effect of anti-corruption policies that are assumed to have particular effects on corruption. It is also the first study to analyze the effect on such policies on social and political trust in democracies.

scholarly journals Parental evaluation of popular brand names given as Christmas gifts and sources of information used in these decisions

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 534-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Clarke ◽  
Andrew McAuley
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Brand Choice ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Parental Evaluation ◽  
High Level

PurposeParents' exposure to children's brands appears rather limited; while brands sell at Christmas, there are extraordinary purchases of low‐cost toys and stocking filler fun toys. Maybe, toy brand purchases satisfy the child's request, rather than parents' value or quality preferences. Generally, the theories of branding feature the positive functional, symbolic and emotional attributes. This paper aims to examines parental evaluation of popular brand names to be given as gifts at Christmas and the sources used to gather information about brands.Design/methodology/approachData were gathered via a survey of parents in the period prior to Christmas. The analysis consisted of a principal component analysis of the functional, symbolic and emotional evaluations. A frequency analysis and a gender‐based crosstabs series identified gender variations in the evaluations and use of information sources.FindingsThe study indicated that parents hold low evaluations of popular brands when buying Christmas gifts for their children. These low evaluations are across functional, symbolic and hedonic elements. Since mothers generally attend to the gift purchase decisions, there were significant gender differences on a few evaluations. The most popular source of information is asking children what they want and is closely followed by the use of store catalogues.Practical implicationsThe evaluation and purchase of toys and gifts predominate at Christmas. Having such a high level of product or brand choice in the children's market could create confusion or uncertainty for parents. A negative image of children's exposure to toy advertising and the resultant pester power may combine to cloud parents' evaluations of giving brands as gifts. In essence, Christmas is the major chance for brand owners to sell their toys and other products. The idea of “… ask mom to get one … ” may be appropriate in high turnover, supermarket products, but not effective in a one‐chance, Christmas gift situation.Originality/valueThis research spans the value sets of two generations. Simply, the promotion of toys is primarily directed toward children who develop desires, expectations and values that are different from those values and attitudes of parents. Research into parental Christmas giving ascertains the value of children's brands to parents.

scholarly journals Animating business relationships through community social capital: an insight into conviviality

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Guercini ◽  
Silvia Ranfagni
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Business Relationships ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Active Communities ◽  
Business Relations

Purpose As conviviality can nurture community social capital, this paper aims to investigate how such capital can give rise to economic behaviour in terms of developing business relationships. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analysis was based on case studies of Italian businesses recognised as active communities that periodically organise convivial activities to fuel reciprocal collaboration. The case studies were constructed by combining a collection of secondary data, in-depth interviews and participant observations. Findings This paper shows how: community social capital in convivium emerges from self-narrative stimulated by ritual practices; social trust mobilising a convivial social capital is fuelled by knowledge generated through sharing and empathic relationships; community-based social relations embed business relations and if mediated, community-based business relations can also embed a community business. Originality/value The originality of the paper is twofold as it contributes: to understanding how conviviality can be used as a strategic tool for entrepreneurs to develop business relationships from convivial relations; and to finding intersection points between studies on business relationships from social capital and studies on entrepreneurship from community social capital.

scholarly journals Impacts of the internet on perceptions of governance at the community level: the case of Jiangqiao Township in Shanghai, China

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yili Yao ◽  
Xianghong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Online Participation ◽  
Community Governance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe rate of urbanisation in China has accelerated community heterogeneity, and yet it has also led to challenges and problems in community governance. This trend has been accompanied by the rapid expansion of information and communication technology (ICT) and online activities. Based on the example of Jiangqiao Township in Shanghai, this paper aims to probe the link between online participation using the internet and its impacts on social capital formation and community development.Design/methodology/approachA literature review was conducted, and a case study method based on quantitative data was applied to test the theoretical framework in the interactions of users’ online participation and perceptions of community governance.FindingsParticipation in an online community through the internet was found to foster new social capital. Distributed social capital had a positive impact on perceptions of governance at the community level, which was due to the resulting network density and social trust of the locality.Originality/valueThis study offers an expanded perspective on the impact of the internet on the behaviour of netizens in China in the context of community governance in new settlements and townships. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is interesting to investigate how the use of mass communication channels, such as the internet and other digital platforms, affects social behaviour and generates new social norms. This study offers quantitative evidence from China to support the theory of Putnam (1993; 1995a). It thus extends beyond the field of sociology to the fields of public administration and urban development.

scholarly journals Probing the Role of Sigma π Interaction and Energetics in the Catalytic Efficiency of Endo-1,4-β-Xylanase

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (24) ◽  
pp. 8817-8821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raushan Kumar Singh ◽  
Manish Kumar Tiwari ◽  
In-Won Kim ◽  
Zhilei Chen ◽  
Jung-Kul Lee
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Catalytic Efficiency ◽  
Binding Pocket ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Substrate Binding Pocket ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Important Residue

ABSTRACTChaetomium globosumendo-1,4-β-xylanase (XylCg) is distinguished from other xylanases by its high turnover rate (1,860 s−1), the highest ever reported for fungal xylanases. One conserved amino acid, W48, in the substrate binding pocket of wild-type XylCg was identified as an important residue affecting XylCg's catalytic efficiency.

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