Algeria could be forced into external borrowing

Significance The collapse of world market prices of oil and natural gas since early March will have a severe impact on the finances of the Algerian government, which relies on hydrocarbons sales for more than 90% of export earnings and for at least half its budget revenue. Impacts Foreign exchange reserves could fall below the level needed to cover one year of imports by the end of 2020. A slump in natural gas demand in Europe would hit Algeria hard, given that its main markets are Italy, Spain and France. Given the scale of the COVID-19 crisis, Algiers may be entitled to IMF compensatory financing with fewer conditions than a formal programme.

Subject Indian-Israeli cooperation in defence trade and manufacturing. Significance Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Israel in July raised relations between the two countries to what was described in a joint statement as a "strategic partnership". Defence cooperation featured in talks between Modi and his Israeli counterpart Binyamin Netanyahu. Impacts India will struggle to meet its target of reducing imported defence products by 40% within the next ten years. India’s Oil and Natural Gas Corporation is likely to bid for Israeli offshore oil-and-gas exploration blocks. Closer relations between India and Iran may raise concerns in Israel.


Geophysics ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Eckhardt

In 1947 the oil industry of the United States produced 2.011 billion barrels of crude oil and natural‐gas liquids. The same number of barrels of new oil must be discovered in one year if the industry is to maintain its reserves. This provides a measure of the exploration job to be done.


Subject Prospects for the Gulf states in 2022. Significance The six member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), especially Saudi Arabia, are enjoying the windfall from a tight global energy market that has pushed up oil and natural gas prices. They have also coped effectively with the healthcare challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, laying the groundwork for positive economic prospects in 2022.


GEOgraphia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (50) ◽  
Author(s):  
Álisson Riceto ◽  
Ronaldo Da Silva

Entre 2003 e 2018, o Brasil viveu quadros socioeconômicos opostos. Até 2013/14, a economia seguiu crescendo, os indicadores socioeconômicos melhoraram, e muito disso graças aos investimentos do setor de petróleo e gás natural. Dentro desse, os investimentos da Petrobras em desenvolvimento tecnológico e de novas fronteiras exploratórias se destacaram como um propulsor. No entanto, a partir de 2014, uma somatória de fatores promoveu uma reviravolta nesse período virtuoso da economia nacional. Baseado nesse setor energético, o objetivo deste trabalho é esclarecer tais cenários.Palavras-chave: Petrobras; Geoeconomia; Crise.PETROBRAS’ ROLE IN THE BRAZILIAN ECONOMY (2003/2018): RISE AND FALL Abstract: Between 2003 and 2018, Brazil experienced opposing socioeconomic conditions. Until 2013/14, the economy continued to grow, socioeconomic indicators improved, and much of this was driven by investments in the oil and natural gas sector headed by Petrobras. Within these, investments in technological development to make the new exploratory frontier for the pre-salt feasible stood out. In this sector, the geoeconomic performance of the Brazilian government, making Petrobras the protagonist with a new regulatory framework for exploration and reinforcing the Local Content Policy (PCL), in addition to stimulating investments in a large number of complementary sectors, made the state company gain even more prominence on the world market. However, as of 2014, the sum of domestic and international factors brought about a turnaround in this virtuous period. Deeply affected by Operation Lava Jato, by the sharp devaluation of oil in the international market between 2014 and 2016, Petrobras had its direction radically changed, especially in the governments of Michel Temer and Jair Bolsonaro. Since then, dealing with a new management philosophy, it has been reducing its investments and having privatized exploration fields, segments and subsidiaries. In this scenario, stagnant growth and even a reduction in GDP, rising unemployment, currency devaluation, an increase in the concentration of wealth and political instability are latent in the country. Thus, based on the analysis of recent reports and articles, the objective of this paper is to clarify these two moments and show how Petrobras and the oil and natural gas sector are at the center of the recent political and socioeconomic events in Brazilian society.Keywords: Petrobras; Geoeconomics; Crisis.   EL PAPEL DE PETROBRAS EN LA ECONOMÍA BRASILEÑA (2003/2018): SUBIDA Y BAJADA Resumen: Entre 2003 y 2018, Brasil experimentó condiciones socioeconómicas opuestas. Hasta 2013/14, la economía siguió creciendo, los indicadores socioeconómicos mejoraron y gran parte de esto fue impulsado por inversiones en el sector de petróleo y gas natural - encabezado por Petrobras. Entre ellas, ganan relieve las inversiones en desarrollo tecnológico para viabilizar la nueva frontera exploratoria del presal. En este sector, el desempeño geoeconómico del gobierno brasileño (haciendo de Petrobras la protagonista con un nuevo marco regulatorio para la exploración y reforzando la Política de Contenido Local - PCL), además de estimular inversiones en un gran número de sectores complementarios, hizo que la empresa estatal ganara aún más protagonismo en el mercado mundial. Sin embargo, a partir de 2014, la suma de elementos nacionales e internacionales impulsó un vuelco en este período virtuoso. Profundamente afectada por la “Operación Lava Jato”, por la fuerte devaluación del petróleo en el mercado internacional entre 2014 y 2016, Petrobras cambió radicalmente su rumbo, especialmente en los gobiernos de Michel Temer y Jair Bolsonaro. Desde entonces, con una nueva filosofía de gestión, ha reducido sus inversiones y privatizando campos, segmentos y sucursales de exploración. En este contexto, el estancamiento del crecimiento e incluso una reducción del PIB, el aumento del desempleo, la devaluación de la moneda, un aumento en la concentración de la riqueza y la inestabilidad política están latentes en el país. Así, a partir del análisis de informes y artículos recientes, el objetivo de este trabajo es esclarecer estos dos momentos y mostrar como Petrobras y el sector de petróleo y gas natural están en el centro de los recientes acontecimientos políticos y socioeconómicos de la sociedad brasileña.Palabras clave: Petrobras; Geoeconomía; Crisis.


Significance This comes a month after the National Assembly approved an external borrowing plan of USD6.2bn in August. Also, the IMF has approved the allocation of USD3.35bn in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) to boost Nigeria’s foreign reserves. Combined, these have provided a modest boost to Nigeria’s faltering foreign-exchange reserves. Impacts The proceeds from the Eurobonds sale will form a significant part of funding the 2022 budget. The Eurobonds and SDR allocation, by boosting reserves, could help narrow the gap between formal and informal exchange rates. There will likely be another Eurobond sale in 2022 as well as more multilateral and bilateral loans. Nigeria’s weak tax collection infrastructure will not generate substantially improved revenues from expected growth.


Significance Sonatrach is preparing to renegotiate most of its long-term contracts to supply natural gas by pipeline and as liquefied natural gas (LNG), as their expiry dates approach in 2019 and 2020. Ould Kaddour, who was appointed Sonatrach’s chief executive one year ago after a period of turbulence within Sonatrach, has made clear that he appreciates the need for a flexible approach in an intensely competitive market. Impacts Algeria’s hydrocarbons production is declining, but global demand for LNG in particular is rising fast. Securing new natural gas supply contracts will be vital for Algeria’s revenue prospects. Ould Kaddour’s efforts to foster better relations with international companies could be rewarded by increased investment.


Author(s):  
Olcay Ersel Canyurt ◽  
Harun Kemal O¨ztu¨rk

The main objective of the present study is to investigate Turkey’s fossil fuels demand, projection and supplies by giving the structure of the Turkish industry and Turkish economic conditions. This present study develops several scenarios to analyze fossil fuels; such as, coal, oil and natural gas consumption and make future projections based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) notion, and examines the effect of the design parameters on the fossil fuels utilization values. The models developed in the nonlinear form are applied to the coal, oil and natural gas demand of Turkey. Several Genetic Algorithm Demand Estimation Models (GA-DEM) are developed to estimate the future coal, oil and natural gas demand values based on population, Gross National Product (GNP), import, export figures. It may be concluded that the proposed models can be used as an alternative solution and estimation techniques for the future fossil fuel utilization values of any country. Oil is the most important fuel in Turkey, contributing 43% of the Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES), followed by coal (almost 30% of TPES) and natural gas (11.8%). In the study, coil, oil and natural gas consumption of Turkey are projected. Estimation shows that the coal, oil and natural gas consumption values may increase 2.82, 1.73 and 4.83 times from 2000 to 2020.


Subject Resource investment outlook in Mozambique. Significance Extractive sector development centred on coal and natural gas lie at the heart of government plans to drive long-term, inclusive growth. However, depressed market conditions for these commodities are pushing anticipated resource revenues further into the 2020s. Final investment decisions for the nascent liquefied natural gas (LNG) sector are now two years behind earlier schedules, while coal market prices are dampening investor appetites on funding export infrastructure. Impacts Contract risks are rising as the government uses its anti-corruption body to probe deals made under former President Armando Guebuza. However, the Guebuza faction of the ruling party retains influence, raising fears about government stability. Sectors facing greatest contract risks include construction (including Portuguese firms) and utilities guilty of poor service delivery.


Subject Turkish-Iraqi-Iranian hydrocarbons links. Significance Turkish consumption of crude oil and natural gas is rising fast. Iraq and Iran are Turkey's main suppliers of crude oil and Iran a significant supplier of natural gas -- conditions that are reinforced by geographical proximity, existing infrastructure and regional market conditions. However, the prospect of returning US sanctions raises new questions. Impacts Sanctions against Iran could speed up the development of new gas fields in the Caspian Sea, northern Iraq and the Eastern Mediterranean. The impending launch of commercial gas trading on Turkey's EPIAS energy market could help it become a regional hub. Iraqi Kurds will hope for more Turkish gas purchase overtures following their regional elections in November.


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