An approach to single optical component antenna base stations for broad-band millimeter-wave fiber-radio access systems

International radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessment standards and regulatory bodies have developed methods and specified requirements to assess the actual maximum RF EMF exposure from radio base stations enabling massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and beamforming. Such techniques are based on the applications of power reduction factors (PRFs), which lead to more realistic, albeit conservative, exposure assessments. In this study, the actual maximum EMF exposure and the corresponding PRFs are computed for a millimeter-wave radio base station array antenna. The computed incident power densities based on near-field and far-field approaches are derived using a Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that the actual maximum exposure is well below the theoretical maximum, and the PRFs similar to those applicable for massive MIMO radio base stations operating below 6 GHz are also applicable for millimeter-wave frequencies. Despite the very low power levels that currently characterize millimeter-wave radio base stations, using the far-field approach can also guarantee the conservativeness of the PRFs used to assess the actual maximum exposure close to the antenna.

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Smart Energy Consumption of IoT With Millimeter-Wave Cognitive Radiofor 5G Cellular Network

10.21203/rs.3.rs-621335/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dan Ye

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Cognitive Radio ◽

Energy Saving ◽

Millimeter Wave ◽

Resource Sharing ◽

Network Capacity ◽

Visible Light Communications ◽

Radio Access ◽

Data Rates ◽

Iot Devices

Abstract Millimeter-wave technology is rising as a crucial component for 5G radio access and other emerging ancillary wireless networks including Gb/s device-to-device communication and mobile backhaul. This paper envisions that millimeter-wave cognitive radio in 5G network is a proposed smart energy consumption solution of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Improving resource efficiency and enhancing data rates, resource sharing is a proposed advantage over millimeter wave cognitive radio in 5G IoT network. IoT Fog collaboration is proposed to apply artificial intelligence techniques to offer important energy-saving services allowing integrated systems to perceive, reason, learn, and act intelligently in intelligent gateway control. Smart energy meters are the current energy-saving utility in the flexible deployment of IoT architecture. NarrowBand IoT (NB-IoT) delivers Low Power Wide Area access (LPWA) to a new generation of connected things in the race to 5G IoT network, reducing energy computation and achieving promising network capacity. The renewable energy strategy is a proposed energy-efficiency solution in IoT network, maximizing the power supply while minimizing power consumption. A novel kind of visible light communications (VLC) is proposed to enable mmWave cognitive radio receiver in 5G IoT network. Simulation results show the proposed solution can reap the benefits of higher data rates, more IoT device connectivity, and lower energy consumption.

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Broad-band characterization of millimeter-wave log-periodic antennas by photoconductive sampling

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation ◽

10.1109/8.280719 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 335-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

M.M. Gitin ◽

F.W. Wise ◽

G. Arjavalingam ◽

Y. Pastol ◽

R.C. Compton

Keyword(s):

Millimeter Wave ◽

Broad Band ◽

Photoconductive Sampling

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Joint Dimensioning of Outdoor Heterogeneous Radio Access Networks (HetNet) using Monte Carlo Simulation

MACRo 2015 ◽

10.1515/macro-2015-0013 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 135-144

Author(s):

Péter Ratkóczy ◽

Attila Mitcsenkov

Keyword(s):

Monte Carlo Simulation ◽

Small Cell ◽

Access Networks ◽

Base Stations ◽

Small Cells ◽

Traffic Demand ◽

Radio Access Networks ◽

Traffic Capacity ◽

Radio Access ◽

Cell Densities

AbstractThe experienced mobile traffic increase in the recent years made traffic capacity the bottleneck instead of the coverage constraints, calling for significantly higher density of the base stations. Heterogeneous radio access networks (HetNet) provide a possible solution to this problem, combining various wireless technologies. In this paper we investigated the joint dimensioning of the co-existent radio access networks, the relation between the required macro and small cell densities to meet a certain traffic demand, and compared the two main, competing technological solutions, namely small cells and Wi-Fi, suitable to complement an LTE (macrocell) network.

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Performance Analysis for User-Centric Cloud Radio Access Network in Millimeter Wave

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering - Signal and Information Processing, Networking and Computers ◽

10.1007/978-981-10-7521-6_12 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 95-102

Author(s):

Yangying Zhang ◽

Hai Huang ◽

Xiaojun Jing ◽

Jia Li

Keyword(s):

Performance Analysis ◽

Millimeter Wave ◽

Access Network ◽

Radio Access Network ◽

Cloud Radio Access Network ◽

Radio Access ◽

User Centric

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Deep learning–based fifth-generation millimeter-wave communication channel tracking for unmanned aerial vehicle Internet of things networks

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks ◽

10.1177/1550147719865882 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. 155014771986588 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shan Meng ◽

Xin Dai ◽

Bicheng Xiao ◽

Yimin Zhou ◽

Yumei Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽

Millimeter Wave ◽

Estimation Method ◽

Attitude Estimation ◽

Base Stations ◽

Communication Link ◽

Multiple Sensors ◽

Channel Tracking ◽

Aerial Vehicle

Using unmanned aerial vehicle as movable base stations is a promising approach to enhance network coverage. Moreover, movable unmanned aerial vehicle–base stations can dynamically move to the target devices to expand the communication range as relays in the scenario of the Internet of things. In this article, we consider a communication system with movable unmanned aerial vehicle–base stations in millimeter-Wave. The movable unmanned aerial vehicle–base stations are equipped with antennas and multiple sensors for channel tracking. The cylindrical array antenna is mounted on the movable unmanned aerial vehicle–movable base stations, making the beam omnidirectional. Furthermore, the attitude estimation method using the deep neural network can replace the traditional attitude estimation method. The estimated unmanned aerial vehicle attitude information is combined with beamforming technology to realize a reliable communication link. Simulation experiments have been performed, and the results have verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Online Distributed User Association for Heterogeneous Radio Access Network

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19061412 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 1412 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

B. Bikram Kumar ◽

Lokesh Sharma ◽

Shih-Lin Wu

Keyword(s):

Wireless Local Area Network ◽

Local Area Network ◽

Access Network ◽

Future Generation ◽

Visible Light Communication ◽

Data Rate ◽

Base Stations ◽

User Association ◽

Area Network ◽

Radio Access

Future-generation radio access networks (RAN) are projected to fulfill the diverse requirements of user equipment (UE) by adopting a heterogeneous network (HetNet) environment. Necessary integration of different radio access technologies (RAT), such as 2G, 3G, 4G, wireless local area network (WLAN), and visible light communication (VLC) is inevitable. Moreover, UEs equipped with diverse requirements will be capable of accessing some or all the RATs. The complex HetNet environment with diverse requirements of UEs will present many challenges. The HetNet is likely to suffer severely from load imbalance among the base stations (BSs) from inheriting the traditional user association scheme such as max-SINR (signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio)/max-RSSI (received signal strength indicator), unless some sophisticated schemes are invented. In this paper, a novel scheme is devised for a joint-user association for load balancing, where BSs are densely deployed and UEs typically have a certain degree of mobility. Unlike most of the present works, a dynamic network is considered where the position and channel condition of the UEs are not fixed. We develop two complex and distributed association schemes based on probability and d-choices, while carefully considering both loads of the BSs and SINR experienced by the UEs. Numerical results validate the efficiency of the proposed schemes by showing a received data-rate fairness among UEs and an improvement in the UE’s minimum received data rate.

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Performance Analysis of Millimeter-Wave UAV Swarm Networks under Blockage Effects

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20164593 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (16) ◽

pp. 4593

Author(s):

Haejoon Jung ◽

In-Ho Lee

Keyword(s):

Millimeter Wave ◽

Channel Model ◽

High Mobility ◽

Base Stations ◽

Shape Theory ◽

High Data ◽

Mobile Cellular ◽

Seamless Connectivity ◽

Mobile Cellular Networks ◽

Uav Swarm

Due to their high mobility, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can offer better connectivity by complement or replace with the existing terrestrial base stations (BSs) in the mobile cellular networks. In particular, introducing UAV and millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies can better support the future wireless networks with requirements of high data rate, low latency, and seamless connectivity. However, it is widely known that mmWave signals are susceptible to blockages because of their poor diffraction. In this context, we consider macro-diversity achieved by the multiple UAV BSs, which are randomly distributed in a spherical swarm. Using the widely used channel model incorporated with the distance-based random blockage effects, which is proposed based on stochastic geometry and random shape theory, we investigate the outage performance of the mmWave UAV swarm network. Further, based on our analysis, we show how to minimize the outage rate by adjusting various system parameters such as the size of the UAV swarm relative to the distance to the receiver.

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