Classifying Motor Preparation and Execution of the Left and the Right Lower Limb Using Brain Network Features

A 67-year-old man presented with a 2-month history of pain in his right buttock and lower limb. MRI depicted right L5/S1 lateral recess stenosis requiring surgical treatment; however, preoperative CT showed an approximately 7 cm long, thin, rod-shaped structure in the rectum, which was ultimately determined to be an accidentally ingested toothpick. It was removed surgically 6 days after diagnosis, because right leg pain worsened rapidly. The pain disappeared thereafter, and the symptoms have not recurred since. The pain might have been localised to the right buttock and posterior thigh in the early stages because the fine tip of the toothpick was positioned to the right of the anterior ramus of the S2 spinal nerve. Although sacral plexus disorder caused by a rectal foreign body is extremely rare, physicians should be mindful to avoid misdiagnosis.

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Brain reactivity to humorous films is affected by insomnia

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsab081 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ernesto Sanz-Arigita ◽

Yannick Daviaux ◽

Marc Joliot ◽

Bixente Dilharreguy ◽

Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emotional Reactivity ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Brain Network ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Neural Representation ◽

Cingulate Gyrus ◽

Anterior Cingulate Gyrus ◽

Left Caudate ◽

Neural Reactivity ◽

The Right

Abstract Study objectives Emotional reactivity to negative stimuli has been investigated in insomnia, but little is known about emotional reactivity to positive stimuli and its neural representation. Methods We used 3T fMRI to determine neural reactivity during the presentation of standardized short, 10-40-s, humorous films in insomnia patients (n=20, 18 females, aged 27.7 +/- 8.6 years) and age-matched individuals without insomnia (n=20, 19 females, aged 26.7 +/- 7.0 years), and assessed humour ratings through a visual analogue scale (VAS). Seed-based functional connectivity was analysed for left and right amygdala networks: group-level mixed-effects analysis (FLAME; FSL) was used to compare amygdala connectivity maps between groups. Results fMRI seed-based analysis of the amygdala revealed stronger neural reactivity in insomnia patients than in controls in several brain network clusters within the reward brain network, without humour rating differences between groups (p = 0.6). For left amygdala connectivity, cluster maxima were in the left caudate (Z=3.88), left putamen (Z=3.79) and left anterior cingulate gyrus (Z=4.11), while for right amygdala connectivity, cluster maxima were in the left caudate (Z=4.05), right insula (Z=3.83) and left anterior cingulate gyrus (Z=4.29). Cluster maxima of the right amygdala network were correlated with hyperarousal scores in insomnia patients only. Conclusions Presentation of humorous films leads to increased brain activity in the neural reward network for insomnia patients compared to controls, related to hyperarousal features in insomnia patients, in the absence of humor rating group differences. These novel findings may benefit insomnia treatment interventions.

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Esthetic and Functional Improvement of Asymmetric Lower Limb Overgrowth in a Proteus Syndrome Patient: a Combined Surgical Technique

Indian Journal of Surgery ◽

10.1007/s12262-021-02773-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Francesca Riccardi ◽

Simone Catapano ◽

Giuseppe Cottone ◽

Dino Zilio ◽

Luca Vaienti

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Vascular Malformations ◽

Functional Improvement ◽

Proteus Syndrome ◽

Phosphatase And Tensin Homolog ◽

Tensin Homolog ◽

Genetic Mosaicism ◽

Phosphoinositide 3 Kinase ◽

The Right

AbstractProteus syndrome is a rare, sporadic, congenital syndrome that causes asymmetric and disproportionate overgrowth of limbs, connective tissue nevi, epidermal nevi, alteration of adipose tissue, and vascular malformations. Genetic mosaicism, such as activating mutations involving protein kinase AKT1, phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3-K), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), may be important causes of Proteus syndrome. However, many patients have no evidence of mutations in these genes. Currently, the diagnosis is clinical and based on phenotypic features. This article reports a case of Proteus syndrome in a 14-year-old female patient who presented with linear epidermal nevi, viscera anomalies, and adipose tissue dysregulation. She showed an asymmetric progressive overgrowth of the right lower limb after birth bringing relevant functional and esthetic consequences. Therefore, she asked a plastic surgery consultation and a surgical treatment with a combined technique was planned. With our approach, we were able to reduce leg diameter and improve joint mobility reliably and safely with satisfying esthetic results.

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Timing, Storage, and Comparison of Stimulus Duration Engage Discrete Anatomical Components of a Perceptual Timing Network

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn.2008.20153 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 20 (12) ◽

pp. 2185-2197 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

Jennifer T. Coull ◽

Bruno Nazarian ◽

Franck Vidal

Keyword(s):

Stimulus Duration ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Temporal Discrimination ◽

Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽

Motor Preparation ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Temporal Encoding ◽

Perceptual Timing ◽

The Right

The temporal discrimination paradigm requires subjects to compare the duration of a probe stimulus to that of a sample previously stored in working or long-term memory, thus providing an index of timing that is independent of a motor response. However, the estimation process itself comprises several component cognitive processes, including timing, storage, retrieval, and comparison of durations. Previous imaging studies have attempted to disentangle these components by simply measuring brain activity during early versus late scanning epochs. We aim to improve the temporal resolution and precision of this approach by using rapid event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to time-lock the hemodynamic response to presentation of the sample and probe stimuli themselves. Compared to a control (color-estimation) task, which was matched in terms of difficulty, sustained attention, and motor preparation requirements, we found selective activation of the left putamen for the storage (“encoding”) of stimulus duration into working memory (WM). Moreover, increased putamen activity was linked to enhanced timing performance, suggesting that the level of putamen activity may modulate the depth of temporal encoding. Retrieval and comparison of stimulus duration in WM selectively activated the right superior temporal gyrus. Finally, the supplementary motor area was equally active during both sample and probe stages of the task, suggesting a fundamental role in timing the duration of a stimulus that is currently unfolding in time.

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Structural brain network topology underpinning ADHD and response to methylphenidate treatment

Translational Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41398-021-01278-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kristi R. Griffiths ◽

Taylor A. Braund ◽

Michael R. Kohn ◽

Simon Clarke ◽

Leanne M. Williams ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brain Network ◽

Global Network ◽

Support Vector ◽

Structural Topology ◽

Local Efficiency ◽

Structural Brain Network ◽

Structural Architecture ◽

The Right ◽

Tractography Data ◽

Treatment Prognosis

AbstractBehavioural disturbances in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are thought to be due to dysfunction of spatially distributed, interconnected neural systems. While there is a fast-growing literature on functional dysconnectivity in ADHD, far less is known about the structural architecture underpinning these disturbances and how it may contribute to ADHD symptomology and treatment prognosis. We applied graph theoretical analyses on diffusion MRI tractography data to produce quantitative measures of global network organisation and local efficiency of network nodes. Support vector machines (SVMs) were used for comparison of multivariate graph measures of 37 children and adolescents with ADHD relative to 26 age and gender matched typically developing children (TDC). We also explored associations between graph measures and functionally-relevant outcomes such as symptom severity and prediction of methylphenidate (MPH) treatment response. We found that multivariate patterns of reduced local efficiency, predominantly in subcortical regions (SC), were able to distinguish between ADHD and TDC groups with 76% accuracy. For treatment prognosis, higher global efficiency, higher local efficiency of the right supramarginal gyrus and multivariate patterns of increased local efficiency across multiple networks at baseline also predicted greater symptom reduction after 6 weeks of MPH treatment. Our findings demonstrate that graph measures of structural topology provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic markers of ADHD, which may aid in mechanistic understanding of this complex disorder.

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The Cortical Organization of Writing Sequence: Evidence From Observing Chinese Characters in Motion

10.21203/rs.3.rs-285417/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhaoqi Zhang ◽

Qiming Yuan ◽

Zeping Liu ◽

Man Zhang ◽

Junjie Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Chinese Character ◽

Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽

Hierarchical Control ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Brain Network ◽

Equation Model ◽

Chinese Characters ◽

General Motor ◽

The Right

Abstract Writing sequences play an important role in handwriting of Chinese characters. However, little is known regarding the integral brain patterns and network mechanisms of processing Chinese character writing sequences. The present study decoded brain patterns during observing Chinese characters in motion by using multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA), meta-analytic decoding analysis, and extended unified structural equation model (euSEM). We found that perception of Chinese character writing sequence recruited brain regions not only for general motor schema processing, i.e., the right inferior frontal gyrus, shifting and inhibition functions, i.e., the right postcentral gyrus and bilateral pre-SMA/dACC, but also for sensorimotor functions specific for writing sequences. More importantly, these brain regions formed a cooperatively top-down brain network where information was transmitted from brain regions for general motor schema processing to those specific for writing sequences. These findings not only shed light on the neural mechanisms of Chinese character writing sequences, but also extend the hierarchical control model on motor schema processing.

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Brain Network Dysfunction in Poststroke Delirium and Spatial Neglect: An fMRI Study

Stroke ◽

10.1161/strokeaha.121.035733 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Olga Boukrina ◽

Mateusz Kowalczyk ◽

Yury Koush ◽

Yekyung Kong ◽

A.M. Barrett

Keyword(s):

Right Hemisphere ◽

Functional Neuroimaging ◽

Brain Network ◽

Spatial Neglect ◽

Stroke Recovery ◽

Network Activity ◽

Brain Disorder ◽

Fmri Study ◽

The Right ◽

Right Hemisphere Stroke

Background and Purpose: Delirium, an acute reduction in cognitive functioning, hinders stroke recovery and contributes to cognitive decline. Right-hemisphere stroke is linked with higher delirium incidence, likely, due to the prevalence of spatial neglect (SN), a right-brain disorder of spatial processing. This study tested if symptoms of delirium and SN after right-hemisphere stroke are associated with abnormal function of the right-dominant neural networks specialized for maintaining attention, orientation, and arousal. Methods: Twenty-nine participants with right-hemisphere ischemic stroke undergoing acute rehabilitation completed delirium and SN assessments and functional neuroimaging scans. Whole-brain functional connectivity of 4 right-hemisphere seed regions in the cortical-subcortical arousal and attention networks was assessed for its relationship to validated SN and delirium severity measures. Results: Of 29 patients, 6 (21%) met the diagnostic criteria for delirium and 16 (55%) for SN. Decreased connectivity of the right basal forebrain to brain stem and basal ganglia predicted more severe SN. Increased connectivity of the arousal and attention network regions with the parietal, frontal, and temporal structures in the unaffected hemisphere was also found in more severe delirium and SN. Conclusions: Delirium and SN are associated with decreased arousal network activity and an imbalance of cortico-subcortical hemispheric connectivity. Better understanding of neural correlates of poststroke delirium and SN will lead to improved neuroscience-based treatment development for these disorders.

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Accessory museulus soleus

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kazmj64671 ◽

1926 ◽

Vol 22 (5-6) ◽

pp. 511-513

Author(s):

V. N. Ternovsky ◽

M. Sadykova

Keyword(s):

Lower Limb ◽

Lower Leg ◽

Flexor Hallucis Longus ◽

Posterior Surface ◽

Flexor Digitorum Longus ◽

Accessory Muscle ◽

Peroneus Brevis ◽

The Right ◽

Flexor Digitorum

Dissecting the muscles of the right lower limb of an unknown corpse, we found an accessory muscle on the posterior surface of the lower leg. This muscle (see Fig.) Was bordered behind in. soleus and with the tendon m. plantaris, in front - with in. flexor hallucis longus, medially - c m. flexor digitorum longus and laterally - c m. peroneus brevis.

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Stren. A case of melorheostosis. (Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica Vol. LXXVIII, Fasc. I-III, S. 94-102)

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kazmj56635 ◽

1937 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 111-111

Author(s):

V. S. Mayat

Keyword(s):

Lower Limb ◽

Lower Leg ◽

The Right ◽

Entire Limb

The author reports a case of melorheostosis (osteosclerotic process) in the right lower limb in a 13-year-old girl. The case of the author. fourteenth in literature. With this disease, a significant shortening of the entire limb is found, and 3/4 of the shortening refers to the lower leg, the damaged part of which is more affected.

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Lower-Limb Speed and Foot Preference in Children

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1995.81.3f.1115 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 81 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1115-1118 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Misaki Iteya ◽

Carl Gabbard ◽

Morihiko Okada

Keyword(s):

Lower Limb ◽

Environmental Influences ◽

Statistical Evidence ◽

Performance Characteristics ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Foot Tapping ◽

And Performance ◽

The Right ◽

A Performance

Foot preference and performance characteristics of gross-motor lower-limb speed of tapping were examined in 606 4- to 6-yr.-olds. Analysis indicated no effect for gender; however, speed of foot tapping increased significantly across the three ages, suggesting an association with selected developmental (neuromuscular) processes. Contrary to earlier reports on handedness, there was no statistical evidence that mixed- or left-footers were at a performance disadvantage compared to right-footers. All groups performed best with the right foot, limb differentiation (right versus left) being significant for the right- and mixed-footed groups. Speculation about maturational and environmental influences is given.

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