Automated Assessment Implementation of Subcutaneous Adipose & Visceral Adipose Tissues in Human Abdominal Area

ABSTRACT Background Adipose tissue plays important roles in health and disease. Given the unique association of visceral adipose tissue with obesity-related metabolic diseases, the distribution of lipids between the major fat depots located in subcutaneous and visceral regions may shed new light on adipose tissue–specific roles in systemic metabolic perturbations. Objective We sought to characterize the lipid networks and unveil differences in the metabolic infrastructure of the 2 adipose tissues that may have functional and nutritional implications. Methods Paired visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were obtained from 17 overweight patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Ultra-performance LC-MS was used to measure 18,640 adipose-derived features; 520 were putatively identified. A stem cell model for adipogenesis was used to study the functional implications of the differences found. Results Our analyses resulted in detailed lipid metabolic maps of the 2 major adipose tissues. They point to a higher accumulation of phosphatidylcholines, triacylglycerols, and diacylglycerols, although lower ceramide concentrations, in subcutaneous tissue. The degree of unsaturation was lower in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) phospholipids, indicating lower unsaturated fatty acid incorporation into adipose tissue. The differential abundance of phosphatidylcholines we found can be attributed at least partially to higher expression of phosphatidylethanolamine methyl transferase (PEMT). PEMT-deficient embryonic stem cells showed a dramatic decrease in adipogenesis, and the resulting adipocytes exhibited lower accumulation of lipid droplets, in line with the lower concentrations of glycerolipids in VAT. Ceramides may inhibit the expression of PEMT by increased insulin resistance, thus potentially suggesting a functional pathway that integrates ceramide, PEMT, and glycerolipid biosynthetic pathways. Conclusions Our work unveils differential infrastructure of the lipid networks in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues and suggests an integrative pathway, with a discriminative flux between adipose tissues.

Download Full-text

Dietary glycemic index and dietary glycemic load is associated with apelin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues of adults

Nutrition & Metabolism ◽

10.1186/s12986-019-0389-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Emad Yuzbashian ◽

Golaleh Asghari ◽

Maryam Aghayan ◽

Mehdi Hedayati ◽

Maryam Zarkesh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Glycemic Index ◽

Glycemic Load ◽

Carbohydrate Intake ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Total Carbohydrate ◽

Adipose Tissues ◽

Visceral Adipose ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Abstract Background Apelin, as an adipokine, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to determine whether the quality and quantity of dietary carbohydrates were associated with apelin gene expression in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 102 adults who underwent minor abdominal surgery were selected. Approximately 100 mg of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues were collected during the surgery to measure apelin gene expression. Anthropometric measurment, blood samples, and dietary intakes were collected before surgery. The dietary carbohydrate intake, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load (GL) were determined. Results The average apelin concentration was 269.6 ± 98.5(pg/mL), and 16.3% of participants were insulin resistant. There was a correlation between insulin (p-value = 0.043), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)(p-value = 0.045) and apelin gene expression in visceral adipose tissue. There was a positive association of apelin gene expression with dietary GI and GL after adjustment for age, sex, and waist circumference in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues(p < 0.05). Apelin gene expression in visceral(p = 0.002) and subcutaneous(p = 0.003) adipose tissues was directly associated with foods with a higher GI. There was no association between total carbohydrate intake and apelin gene expression in both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues. Conclusions Dietary GI and GL, not total carbohydrate intake, were positively associated with apelin gene expression in both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues. Future studies are warranted to illustrate the chronic and acute effect of carbohydrate quality on apelin homeostasis.

Download Full-text

Effects of a Flavonoid-Rich Extract from Citrus sinensis Juice on a Diet-Induced Obese Zebrafish

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20205116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (20) ◽

pp. 5116 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Giuseppe Montalbano ◽

Manuela Mania ◽

Maria Cristina Guerrera ◽

Rosaria Laurà ◽

Francesco Abbate ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Orange Juice ◽

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Pathological Condition ◽

Adult Zebrafish ◽

Adipose Tissues ◽

Lipolytic Action ◽

Adipocyte Cell ◽

Visceral Adipose ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Background: Obesity is a pathological condition that has reached epidemic proportions; hence, it is necessary to find novel strategies aimed at fighting this disease. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of a flavonoid-rich extract of orange (Citrus sinensis) juice (OJe) in diet-induced obese zebrafish. Methods: Adult zebrafish were divided into four diet groups: (i) normally fed (NF); (ii) overfed (OF); (iii) NF supplemented with OJe (5 mL/L in fish water; NF + OJe); and (iv) OF supplemented with OJe (OF + OJe). Each week, body weight (BW) and body mass index (BMI) were measured, and, at the end of the fifth week, euthanized zebrafish were processed for both microscopic evaluations and qPCR analyses. Results: In OF zebrafish, OJe significantly decreased both BW and BMI values and lowered the visceral adipose tissue, while it had little effect in the NF group. Moreover, it significantly reduced adipocyte cell size in both NF and OF groups in both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues, as well as their number in OF fish. Finally, OJe modulated some obesity-related genes, such as leptin A, ghrelin, orexin, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and neuropeptide Y (NPY), in both gut and brain. Conclusion: This study adds new insights into the anti-obesity properties of orange juice and its flavonoids, suggesting their role as weight management agents through a lipolytic action linked to a restoration of metabolism-regulating gene expression.

Download Full-text

FATTY ACID COMTENTS IN RAT ADIPOSE TISSUES UNDER ANAEROBIC EXERCISE AND HIGH-CALORIE DIETS

Ulyanovsk Medico-biological Journal ◽

10.34014/2227-1848-2019-3-106-113 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 106-113

Author(s):

I.Yu. Yakimovich ◽

M.Yu. Kotlovskiy ◽

S.V. Gusakova ◽

V.V. Ivanov ◽

V.N. Vasil'ev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturation Index ◽

Anaerobic Exercise ◽

Adipose Tissues ◽

Calorie Diet ◽

Visceral Adipose ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose ◽

High Calorie Diet ◽

High Calorie

The objective of the paper is to study the effects of anaerobic exercise on fatty acids percentage in adipose tissues of different localization under high-calorie diets in rats. Materials and Methods. The authors examined Wistar rats under high calorie diets (32 % fat content). In the first group the animals were not exposed to any physical exercise. In the second group rats were exposed to anaerobic physical activity, namely swimming. The percentage of 24 fatty acids (FA) and the value of 14 integrative indicators (complexes) in the depot of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues were determined using chromatography-mass spectrometry (Agilent Technologies, USA). Results. Anaerobic exercise led to an increase in saturated FAs in the mesenteric adipose tissues and to a decrease in unsaturated FAs, as well as to a decrease in the unsaturation index; an increase in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue of the FA sphingophospholipid substrates, FA membrane substrates, a decrease in the energy substrates, an increase of vitamin F FA substrates due to ω6 of unsaturated FAs. At the same time, a decrease in the amount of polyunsaturated FAs was observed in the subcutaneous depot, and the balance between ω3/ω6 shifted towards ω6 of unsaturated FAs. In the mesenteric and retroperitoneal adipose tissues, there was a decrease in monounsaturated FAs due to ω9 of unsaturated FAs, and the ratio of saturated FAs/monounsaturated FAs shifted towards saturated FAs. Only in retroperitoneal adipose tissues there was a decrease in ω7 of saturated FAs due to C16: 1 ω7. Conclusion. Regular anaerobic exercise and a high-calorie diet showed the most pronounced effect on FAs in visceral adipose tissues, namely in mesenteric and retroperitoneal tissues. Keywords: fatty acids, fatty acid complexes, adipose tissues, anaerobic exercise, high-calorie diet. Цель – исследовать воздействие анаэробной физической нагрузки на процентное содержание жирных кислот в жировой ткани разной локализации на фоне питания повышенной калорийности у крыс. Материалы и методы. В исследовании использовали крыс линии Wistar, находящихся на питании повышенной калорийности (с долей жира 32 %). В первой группе животных физическая нагрузка отсутствовала, крысы второй группы получали физическую нагрузку преимущественно анаэробного характера в виде плавания. Процентное содержание 24 жирных кислот (ЖК) и значение 14 интегративных показателей (комплексов) в депо висцеральной и подкожной жировой ткани определяли на хромато-масс-спектрометре (Аgilent Technologies, США). Результаты. Анаэробная физическая нагрузка привела к увеличению содержания в мезентеральной жировой ткани насыщенных ЖК (НасЖК) и снижению ненасыщенных ЖК (НЖК), а также снижению индекса ненасыщенности; увеличению в забрюшинной жировой ткани ЖК-субстратов сфингофосфолипидов, ЖК-субстратов мембран, снижению субстратов энергии, увеличению содержания ЖК-субстратов витамина F за счет ω6 НЖК. При этом в подкожном депо наблюдалось снижение суммы полиненасыщенных ЖК, а баланс ω3/ω6 сместился в сторону ω6 НЖК. В мезентериальной и забрюшинной жировой ткани отмечалось снижение содержания мононенасыщенных ЖК (МНЖК) за счет ω9 НЖК, а соотношение НасЖК/МНЖК сместилось в сторону НасЖК. Только в забрюшинной жировой ткани было установлено снижение содержания ω7 НЖК за счет С16:1 ω7. Выводы. Регулярная анаэробная физическая нагрузка на фоне питания повышенной калорийности продемонстрировала наиболее выраженное влияние в отношении ЖК в висцеральной жировой ткани, а именно в мезентериальной и забрюшинной. Ключевые слова: жирные кислоты, комплексы жирных кислот, жировая ткань, анаэробная физическая нагрузка, диета повышенной калорийности.

Download Full-text

Habitual Dietary Intakes of Fat were Associated with Apelin Gene Expression in Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues

10.21203/rs.3.rs-41868/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Emad Yuzbashian ◽

Maryam Zarkesh ◽

Golaleh Asghari ◽

Mehdi Hedayati ◽

Parvin Mirmiran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Adipose Tissues ◽

Total Fat ◽

Habitual Intake ◽

Visceral Adipose ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Abstract Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of habitual intake of total fatty acids, saturated-, monounsaturated-, polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3, n-6, and n-9 fatty acids with apelin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Methods: We obtained visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues from 179 participants (71 non-obese and 105 obese), who had undergone open abdominal surgery. Dietary intake information was gathered with a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. The mRNA expression of apelin gene was analyzed by Real-Time PCR. Results: Apelin gene expression was found to be more increased in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues in obese than in non-obese participants. Dietary intake of n-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids was associated with apelin gene expression in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues among all categories of weight status after adjusting for total energy intake. Among obese individuals, visceral adipose tissue apelin mRNA levels were associated with total fat intake. Conclusion: Higher apelin gene expression in adipocytes had an association with habitual intake of total fat and n-3 fatty acids in obese and non-obese individuals, indicating a determinative role of quality and quantity of fatty acid intake in a regular diet in adipose tissue adipokine.

Download Full-text

Dietary Fatty Acid Composition Is Associated with FTO Gene Expression in Human Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa063_104 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1706-1706

Author(s):

Emad Yuzbashian ◽

Golaleh Asghari ◽

Catherine B Chan ◽

Mehdi Hedayati ◽

Mohammad Safarian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Fto Gene ◽

Adipose Tissues ◽

Plasma Fatty Acids ◽

Visceral Adipose ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Abstract Objectives The fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) is a functional candidate gene for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome, based on evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that linked it to obesity and metabolic disorders. The FTO gene regulates energy expenditure and intake. We aimed to determine how fatty acid species measured in plasma and dietary intake associate with FTO gene expression in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues. Methods In this study, 97 participants aged ≥18 years were selected from patients admitted to the hospital for abdominal surgeries. These underlying disorders leading to surgeries were not expected to alter the habitual dietary intake of participants. Participants with diagnosed diabetes or cancer, under treatment of dyslipidemia or dysglycemia, and being on prescribed or any special diets were excluded. Habitual dietary intake of participants was collected using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), from which the intake of fatty acids was quantified. Plasma fatty acids were assessed by gas-liquid chromatography. The mRNA expression of the FTO gene in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues obtained by biopsy was measured by real-time quantitative PCR. Results After adjusting for age, HOMA-IR and body mass index, total fatty acid intake was significantly associated with FTO gene expression in visceral (STZβ = 0.208, P = 0.037) and subcutaneous (STZβ = 0.236, P = 0.020) adipose tissues. Dietary intake of MUFA and PUFA had positive significant associations with the expression of FTO in visceral (STZβ = 0.227, P = 0.023; STZβ = 0.346, P < 0.001, respectively) and subcutaneous (STZβ = 0.227, P = 0.026; STZβ = 0.274, P = 0.006, respectively) adipose tissues. There were no significant associations between plasma fatty acids and FTO mRNA expression in either subcutaneous or visceral adipose tissues. Conclusions The association of dietary total fatty acids, MUFA, and PUFA with FTO gene expression in both adipose tissues highlight the importance of dietary fatty acids composition along with total fat intake in relation to FTO gene expression. Funding Sources This study was funded by Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Download Full-text

Cardiovascular disease predictors and adipose tissue macrophage polarization: Is there a link?

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology ◽

10.1177/2047487317743355 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 328-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Ivana Kralova Lesna ◽

Marek Petras ◽

Sona Cejkova ◽

Anna Kralova ◽

Jiri Fronek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Body Mass ◽

Adipose Tissues ◽

Tissue Macrophage ◽

Risk Predictors ◽

Inflammatory Macrophages ◽

Visceral Adipose ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Background The risk of cardiovascular disease is closely connected to adipose tissue inflammation. The links between cardiovascular risk predictors and pro and anti-inflammatory macrophages in human adipose tissue were analysed to gain an insight into the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Design Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues were obtained from 79 subjects, 52 living kidney donors (during nephrectomy) and 27 patients with peripheral artery disease (during arterial tree reconstruction). Methods Macrophage subsets were isolated from adipose tissues and analysed by flow cytometry using CD14, CD16, CD36 and CD163 monoclonal antibodies. The mutually adjusted differences of phagocytic pro-inflammatory (CD14 + CD16 + CD36high), anti-inflammatory (CD14 + CD16-CD163+) and transitional subsets of macrophages were analysed in relation to cardiovascular predictors (sex, age, body mass index, smoking, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension and statin treatment). Results Age, male sex and hypercholesterolaemia were closely positively associated with the phagocytic pro-inflammatory macrophage subset in visceral adipose tissues. Interestingly, the proportion of phagocytic pro-inflammatory macrophages was relevantly decreased by statin therapy. A strong positive association of body mass index to the phagocytic pro-inflammatory subset was found in subcutaneous adipose tissues only. A minor transitional subpopulation, CD14 + CD16 + CD36lowCD163+, increased with age in both adipose tissues. This transitional subpopulation was also negatively associated with obesity and hypercholesterolaemia in visceral adipose tissues. Conclusion An effect of cardiovascular risk predictors on adipose tissue macrophage subpopulations was revealed. Interestingly, while age, male sex and hypercholesterolaemia were connected with the pro-inflammatory macrophage subpopulation in visceral adipose tissues, body mass index had a prominent effect in subcutaneous adipose tissues only. A decreasing effect of statins on these pro-inflammatory macrophages was documented.

Download Full-text