Evolution of the exposure level in Poland

Sodium lauryl sulfate is the most common surfactant used in the production of detergents, chloroprene rubber, plastics, artificial furs and in pharmaceutical industry. Sodium lauryl sulfate is a moderately hazardous substance when introduced into the stomach (DL50 for white mice and rats is in the range of 2086-2700 mg/kg), has a pronounced local irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, has a skin-resorptive, sensitizing and pronounced cumulative effects. The threshold for acute inhalation action is set at 15,3 mg/m3 for changes in the function of the nervous system and irritating effects on the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract (an increase in the total number of cells in the nasal flushes).Recommended for approval tentative safe exposure level of sodium lauryl sulfate in the air of the working area is 0.2+ mg/m3 (aerosol).

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Interaction of Very Large Scale Motion of Coherent Structures with Sediment Particle Exposure

Water ◽

10.3390/w13030248 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 248

Author(s):

Sencer Yücesan ◽

Daniel Wildt ◽

Philipp Gmeiner ◽

Johannes Schobesberger ◽

Christoph Hauer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coherent Structures ◽

Large Scale ◽

Numerical Study ◽

Local Maximum ◽

Wave Number ◽

Exposure Level ◽

Sediment Particle ◽

High Wave Number ◽

Large Scale Motion ◽

Scale Motion

A systematic variation of the exposure level of a spherical particle in an array of multiple spheres in a high Reynolds number turbulent open-channel flow regime was investigated while using the Large Eddy Simulation method. Our numerical study analysed hydrodynamic conditions of a sediment particle based on three different channel configurations, from full exposure to zero exposure level. Premultiplied spectrum analysis revealed that the effect of very-large-scale motion of coherent structures on the lift force on a fully exposed particle resulted in a bi-modal distribution with a weak low wave number and a local maximum of a high wave number. Lower exposure levels were found to exhibit a uni-modal distribution.

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Contributions and limitations of using machine learning to predict noise-induced hearing loss

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health ◽

10.1007/s00420-020-01648-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Feifan Chen ◽

Zuwei Cao ◽

Emad M. Grais ◽

Fei Zhao

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Hearing Loss ◽

Roc Curve ◽

Prediction Error ◽

Noise Exposure ◽

Model Construction ◽

Support Vector ◽

Exposure Level ◽

Noise Induced Hearing Loss ◽

Current Review

Abstract Purpose Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a global issue that impacts people’s life and health. The current review aims to clarify the contributions and limitations of applying machine learning (ML) to predict NIHL by analyzing the performance of different ML techniques and the procedure of model construction. Methods The authors searched PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus on November 26, 2020. Results Eight studies were recruited in the current review following defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sample size in the selected studies ranged between 150 and 10,567. The most popular models were artificial neural networks (n = 4), random forests (n = 3) and support vector machines (n = 3). Features mostly correlated with NIHL and used in the models were: age (n = 6), duration of noise exposure (n = 5) and noise exposure level (n = 4). Five included studies used either split-sample validation (n = 3) or ten-fold cross-validation (n = 2). Assessment of accuracy ranged in value from 75.3% to 99% with a low prediction error/root-mean-square error in 3 studies. Only 2 studies measured discrimination risk using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and/or the area under ROC curve. Conclusion In spite of high accuracy and low prediction error of machine learning models, some improvement can be expected from larger sample sizes, multiple algorithm use, completed reports of model construction and the sufficient evaluation of calibration and discrimination risk.

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Asbestos Exposure Level and the Carcinogenic Risk Due to Corrugated Asbestos-Cement Slate Roofs in Korea

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18136925 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 6925

Author(s):

Eun-Soo Lee ◽

Young-Ki Kim

Keyword(s):

Asbestos Exposure ◽

Health Impact ◽

Pooled Analysis ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

University Hospital ◽

Exposure Level ◽

Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽

Indoor Exposure ◽

Asbestos Cement ◽

Environmental Causes

Asbestos-cement slate roofs are one of the most common environmental causes of asbestos exposure. However, few studies have examined residential asbestos-cement slate-related exposure and its effects on human health. This study was performed to evaluate cumulative asbestos exposure levels and to calculate the Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) of residents of asbestos-cement slate-roofed houses. We reviewed previous Korean literature to estimate the concentration of airborne asbestos from asbestos-cement slate roofed buildings. Finally, eight studies were selected, and a pooled analysis was performed. The results derived from the pooled analysis were combined with the data from a health impact survey conducted from 2009 to 2016 at the Environmental Health Center for Asbestos (EHCA) of the Yangsan Pusan National University Hospital, and a carcinogenic risk assessment was performed. As a result, the representative value of the indoor exposure concentration related to asbestos-cement slate was found to be 0.0032 f/cc on average, and the representative value of the exposure related to occupational asbestos-cement slate dismantling and demolition was found to be 0.0034 f/cc. In addition, the ELCR of asbestos-cement slate related indoor exposure and occupational dismantling and demolition was found to be of medium risk, and the ELCR of residential dismantling and demolition of asbestos-cement slate was less than 10−6, indicating that the risk was low. Since there is no threshold for carcinogenicity related to asbestos, this should not be ignored even if the risk appears low, and it would be reasonable to calculate the carcinogenic risk based on total lifetime exposure. More studies on asbestos exposure scenarios and the scope of similar exposure groups through additional data collection and further analysis of risk are needed.

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Early childhood traffic-related air pollution and risk of allergic rhinitis at 2–4 years of age modification by family stress and male gender: a case-control study in Shenyang, China

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12199-021-00969-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shuai Hao ◽

Fang Yuan ◽

Pai Pang ◽

Bo Yang ◽

Xuejun Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Allergic Rhinitis ◽

Preschool Children ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Family Stress ◽

Case Control ◽

Male Gender ◽

Exposure Level ◽

Early Exposure ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background Few studies have explored the modifications by family stress and male gender in the relationship between early exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and allergic rhinitis (AR) risk in preschool children. Methods We conducted a case-control study of 388 children aged 2–4 years in Shenyang, China. These children AR were diagnosed by clinicians. By using measured concentrations from monitoring stations, we estimated the exposures of particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in preschool children aged 2–4 years. After adjusted potential confounding factors, we used logistic regression model to evaluate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for childhood AR with exposure to different air pollutants according to the increasing of the interquartile range (IQR) in the exposure level. Results The prevalence of AR in children aged 2–4 years (6.4%) was related to early TRAP exposure. With an IQR (20 μg/m3) increase in PM10 levels, an adjusted OR was significantly elevated by 1.70 (95% CI, 1.19 to 2.66). Also, with an IQR (18 μg/m3) increase in NO2, an elevated adjusted OR was 1.85 (95% CI, 1.52 to 3.18). Among children with family stress and boys, PM10 and NO2 were positively related to AR symptoms. No significant association was found among children without family stress and girls. Conclusions Family stress and male gender may increase the risk of AR in preschool children with early exposure to PM10 and NO2.

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Metal artifacts in intraoperative O-arm CBCT scans

BMC Medical Imaging ◽

10.1186/s12880-020-00538-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Juha I. Peltonen ◽

Touko Kaasalainen ◽

Mika Kortesniemi

Keyword(s):

Image Quality ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

Nonlinear Effects ◽

Exposure Level ◽

Metal Artifacts ◽

Imaging Protocol ◽

Metal Implants ◽

Comprehensive Determination

Abstract Background Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has become an increasingly important medical imaging modality in orthopedic operating rooms. Metal implants and related image artifacts create challenges for image quality optimization in CBCT. The purpose of this study was to develop a robust and quantitative method for the comprehensive determination of metal artifacts in novel CBCT applications. Methods The image quality of an O-arm CBCT device was assessed with an anthropomorphic pelvis phantom in the presence of metal implants. Three different kilovoltage and two different exposure settings were used to scan the phantom both with and without the presence of metal rods. Results The amount of metal artifact was related to the applied CBCT imaging protocol parameters. The size of the artifact was moderate with all imaging settings. The highest applied kilovoltage and exposure level distinctly increased artifact severity. Conclusions The developed method offers a practical and robust way to quantify metal artifacts in CBCT. Changes in imaging parameters may have nonlinear effects on image quality which are not anticipated based on physics.

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Mode of action evaluation for reduced reproduction in Daphnia pulex exposed to the insensitive munition, 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitroguanidine (MeNQ)

Ecotoxicology ◽

10.1007/s10646-021-02447-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kurt A. Gust ◽

Guilherme R. Lotufo ◽

Natalie D. Barker ◽

Qing Ji ◽

Lauren K. May

Keyword(s):

Egg Production ◽

Daphnia Pulex ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Energy Budgets ◽

Exposure Level ◽

Transcriptional Expression ◽

Canonical Pathways ◽

Significant Enrichment ◽

Inducible Protein ◽

Reproductive Processes

AbstractThe US Department of Defense (DOD) is developing insensitive munitions (IMs) that are resistant to unintended detonation to protect warfighters. To enable material life-cycle analysis for the IM, 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitroguanidine (MeNQ), ecotoxicological impacts assessment was required. A previous investigation of MeNQ exposures in Daphnia pulex revealed concentration-responsive decreases in reproduction relative to controls (0 mg/L) across a 174, 346, 709, 1385, and 2286 mg/L exposure range. The present study used those exposures to conduct global transcriptomic expression analyses to establish hypothetical mode(s) of action underlying inhibited reproduction. The number of significantly affected transcripts and the magnitude of fold-change differences relative to controls tended to increase with increasing MeNQ concentration where hierarchical clustering analysis identified separation among the “low” (174 and 346 mg/L) and “high” (709, 1385, and 2286 mg/L) exposures. Vitellogenin is critical to Daphnia reproductive processes and MeNQ exposures significantly decreased transcriptional expression for vitellogenin-1 precursor at the lowest exposure level (174 mg/L) with benchmark dose (BMD) levels closely tracking concentrations that caused inhibited reproduction. Additionally, juvenile hormone-inducible protein, chorion peroxidase, and high choriolytic enzyme transcriptional expression were impacted by MeNQ exposure having potential implications for egg production / maturation and overall fecundity. In concert with these effects on specific genes involved in Daphnia reproductive physiology, MeNQ exposures caused significant enrichment of several canonical-pathways responsible for metabolism of cellular energy substrates where BMD levels for transcriptional expression were observed at ≤100 mg/L. These observations imply possible effects on whole-organism energy budgets that may also incur indirect costs on reproduction.

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