The role of artificial intelligence and autonomous systems in the decision-making center of the US mosaic war

Author(s):  
Na Zhang ◽  
Xiaobing Zhu ◽  
Yahong Gou
Author(s):  
Syahrizal Dwi Putra ◽  
M Bahrul Ulum ◽  
Diah Aryani

An expert system which is part of artificial intelligence is a computer system that is able to imitate the reasoning of an expert with certain expertise. An expert system in the form of software can replace the role of an expert (human) in the decision-making process based on the symptoms given to a certain level of certainty. This study raises the problem that many women experience, namely not understanding that they have uterine myomas. Many women do not understand and are not aware that there are already symptoms that are felt and these symptoms are symptoms of the presence of uterine myomas in their bodies. Therefore, it is necessary for women to be able to diagnose independently so that they can take treatment as quickly as possible. In this study, the expert will first provide the expert CF values. Then the user / respondent gives an assessment of his condition with the CF User values. In the end, the values obtained from these two factors will be processed using the certainty factor formula. Users must provide answers to all questions given by the system in accordance with their current conditions. After all the conditions asked are answered, the system will display the results to identify that the user is suffering from uterine myoma disease or not. The Expert System with the certainty factor method was tested with a patient who entered the symptoms experienced and got the percentage of confidence in uterine myomas/fibroids of 98.70%. These results indicate that an expert system with the certainty factor method can be used to assist in diagnosing uterine myomas as early as possible.


Author(s):  
Ekaterina Jussupow ◽  
Kai Spohrer ◽  
Armin Heinzl ◽  
Joshua Gawlitza

Systems based on artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly support physicians in diagnostic decisions, but they are not without errors and biases. Failure to detect those may result in wrong diagnoses and medical errors. Compared with rule-based systems, however, these systems are less transparent and their errors less predictable. Thus, it is difficult, yet critical, for physicians to carefully evaluate AI advice. This study uncovers the cognitive challenges that medical decision makers face when they receive potentially incorrect advice from AI-based diagnosis systems and must decide whether to follow or reject it. In experiments with 68 novice and 12 experienced physicians, novice physicians with and without clinical experience as well as experienced radiologists made more inaccurate diagnosis decisions when provided with incorrect AI advice than without advice at all. We elicit five decision-making patterns and show that wrong diagnostic decisions often result from shortcomings in utilizing metacognitions related to decision makers’ own reasoning (self-monitoring) and metacognitions related to the AI-based system (system monitoring). As a result, physicians fall for decisions based on beliefs rather than actual data or engage in unsuitably superficial evaluation of the AI advice. Our study has implications for the training of physicians and spotlights the crucial role of human actors in compensating for AI errors.


2019 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 1950003
Author(s):  
Janko Šćepanović

The Six Day War was one of the most defining moments in the history of the Modern Middle East. This paper seeks to add to the existing scholarship on the subject by going beyond the structural explanation. It gives special attention to the role of unit-level variables like perception, personality, and political psychology of decision-makers. As one scholar noted, threats are not perceived in a vacuum, and are, instead, products of complex synthesis of subjective appraisal of events by the decision-makers. The focus will be on the beliefs and perceptions of the most impactful actor in this crisis: Egyptian President Nasser. As will be argued, his decision-making was shaped by his experience with foreign imperialism, a general misconception of super power intentions, an incorrect analogy between two crucial crisis situations with Israel: the February 1960 Rotem Crisis, and the build-up to the June War in 1967, and especially his complicated relations with the US leaders.


Organization ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Bader ◽  
Stephan Kaiser

Artificial intelligence can provide organizations with prescriptive options for decision-making. Based on the notions of algorithmic decision-making and user involvement, we assess the role of artificial intelligence in workplace decisions. Using a case study on the implementation and use of cognitive software in a telecommunications company, we address how actors can become distanced from or remain involved in decision-making. Our results show that humans are increasingly detached from decision-making spatially as well as temporally and in terms of rational distancing and cognitive displacement. At the same time, they remain attached to decision-making because of accidental and infrastructural proximity, imposed engagement, and affective adhesion. When human and algorithmic intelligence become unbalanced in regard to humans’ attachment to decision-making, three performative effects result: deferred decisions, workarounds, and (data) manipulations. We conceptualize the user interface that presents decisions to humans as a mediator between human detachment and attachment and, thus, between algorithmic and humans’ decisions. These findings contrast the traditional view of automated media as diminishing user involvement and have useful implications for research on artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making in organizations.


Author(s):  
Simona Hašková ◽  
◽  
Jakub Horák ◽  

Qualitative and quantitative approaches to multicriteria evaluation and managerial decision- making often ignore the specifics of the role of the human factor. This article summarizes management methods that reflect not only numerical inputs but also data of a qualitative nature while considering their applicability in the tourism sector. Some of them can be assorted within the classes of Artificial intelligence. The focus is on the fuzzy approach at the theoretical and application level. The fuzzy approach is used to evaluate the degree of country travel and tourism competitiveness of selected European and Asian countries based on subjective rankings from the viewpoint of travelling persons. The results indicate that among countries under review, China is ranked as a highly competitive country in travel & tourism. Conditional competitive countries in terms of travel & tourism are the Czech Republic, Pakistan, Russia, and Turkey.


2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 03005
Author(s):  
Choirunisa Nur Humairo ◽  
Aquarina Hapsari ◽  
Indra Bramanti

Background: Technology has become a fundamental part of human living. The evolution of technology has been advantageous to science development, including dentistry. One of the latest technology that draw many attention is Artificial Intelligence (AI). Purpose: The aim of this review is to explain the use of AI in many disciplines of dental specialties and its benefit. Reviews: The application of Artificial Intelligence may be beneficial for all dental specialties, varying from pediatric dentist to oral surgeon. In dental clinic management, AI may assist in medical record as well as other paperwork. AI would also give a valuable contribution in important dental procedures, such as diagnosis and clinical decision making. It helps the dentist deliver the best treatment for the patients. Conclusion: The latest development of Artificial Intelligence is beneficial for dental practitioner in the near future. It is considered as a breakthrough of the 21st century to support the diagnostic procedure and decision making in clinical practice. The use of AI can be applied in most of dental specialties.


Author(s):  
Valentin Valentinovich Balanovskii

This article analyzes the peculiarities of functionality of transcendental reflection among judges in the context of realization of the power of judgment. An attempt is made to answer the questions on how the judges exercise their power of judgment in decision-making, problems they are facing and ways for their solution. Attention is focused on the peculiarities of ensuring unity of self-consciousness of the judge in carrying out professional activity, as well as on the flaws of the determining and reflective power of judgment, which serve as the grounds for vacation of decisions of the courts of primary jurisdiction through appellation. The author also reviews the prospects for the implementation of artificial intelligence systems into judicial proceedings in light of the questions raised in the article. This work leans on the results of research conducted in 2019–2020 at the intersection of theoretical philosophy, philosophy and sociology of law, theory of state and law. Within the framework of this study, the question of decision-making by judges is viewed through the prism of philosophical system of I. Kant, namely through his concept of the power of judgment. The research is carried out in three directions: transcendental, formal-legal, and sociological. The results consist in formulation of practical recommendations that would improve the effectiveness of realization of the power of judgment, and thus the overall efficiency of judicial proceedings in Russia.


Author(s):  
Eva Thelisson

The research problem being investigated in this article is how to develop governance mechanisms and collective decision-making processes at a global level for Artificial Intelligence systems (AI) and Autonomous systems (AS), which would enhance confidence in AI and AS.


2019 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-39
Author(s):  
Alexandra M. Arambula ◽  
Andrés M. Bur

Artificial intelligence (AI) is quickly expanding within the sphere of health care, offering the potential to enhance the efficiency of care delivery, diminish costs, and reduce diagnostic and therapeutic errors. As the field of otolaryngology also explores use of AI technology in patient care, a number of ethical questions warrant attention prior to widespread implementation of AI. This commentary poses many of these ethical questions for consideration by the otolaryngologist specifically, using the 4 pillars of medical ethics—autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice—as a framework and advocating both for the assistive role of AI in health care and for the shared decision-making, empathic approach to patient care.


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