An Empirical Study on the Impact of the Scarcity Factors on Individual Decision-Making Risk Behaviors in Emergency

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Haijing ◽  
Liu Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Individual Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Assumptions of Rationality and Non-Rationality in Models of the International System

1961 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney Verba
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International System ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Individual Decision Making ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Simplifying Assumptions ◽  
Explicit Consideration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

It is a truism that all action within the international system can be reduced to the action of individuals. It is also true, however, that international relations cannot be adequately understood in terms of individual attitudes and behaviors. Models of the international system usually deal with larger units, nation-states, as prime actors. To what extent can such models give us adequate explanations of international relations without some built-in variables to deal with individual decision-making?It may be that some processes in international relations can be adequately explained on the level of social structure without explicit consideration of the personality, predispositions, attitudes, and behavior of the individual decision-maker. In that case, the introduction of variables dealing with individual behavior would complicate the model without commensurate payoff in terms of increased understanding and prediction. This would be true if the impact of individual decision-making on the behavior of nations in their relations with other nations were slight, or if the impact varied randomly (because, for instance, of idiosyncratic factors) among the population of international events that one was trying to explain. If, on the other hand, models of the international system that either ignore or make grossly simplifying assumptions about individual decision-making can explain international relations only very imperfectly, it may well be worth the additional effort to build variables about individual decision-making into them.

scholarly journals Big Tech and the Right to Freedom of Thought

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Brittany Morison
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Individual Decision Making ◽  
The Past ◽  
Freedom Of Thought ◽  
Independent Decision ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Over the past few decades technology has become ubiquitous, with technology companies gaining increasing insight into the lives of individuals. This paper explores how technology companies use these insights to influence the ability to exercise free and independent decision-making. Through a critical analysis of social nudging, I establish the subtle but significant ways in which individuals can be susceptible to manipulation. Through this lens, I highlight some notable examples of how big tech companies have manipulated individual decision-making and the impact this may have on our democracy. 

scholarly journals Behavioral Patterns of Economic Decision-Making at the Local Level: The Theoretical Principles

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (516) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
K. O. Patytska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Individual Decision Making ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stability Of Preferences

The article is aimed at defining the behavioral patterns of economic decision-making at the level of territorial hromadas. The main difference between traditional economic science and behavioral economics is substantiated. The traditional economic model is formed around the behavior of the «economic man», which is characterized by rationality in decision-making, completeness of self-control, limitless cognitive skills, restricted self-interest and stability of preferences; behavioral economics – around the behavior of Humans, which is characterized by numerous behavioral biases, changing preferences, acquiring new skills and further learning, social impact, altruism, etc. Two levels of behavioral economics are highlighted: micro- and macro-levels. The first level involves the study of the peculiarities of individual decision-making, the second involves the study of the impact of the behavior of economic agents on the development of the financial market together with economic growth of territories. It is substantiated that the study of behavioral patterns at the local level in the State requires, first of all, an analysis of the peculiarities of individual decision-making in the context of the developments in the micro-behavioral economics. The principles of behavioral economics, which have a significant impact on the behavioral characteristics of economic entities in the process of economic decision-making, are systematized. Cognitive biases and heuristic methods, features of choice architecture that influence decision-making are defined. Prospects for further research in this direction are the introduction of the principles of behavioral economics in the context of the development of territorial hromadas, in particular, taking into account tendencies in decentralization and the increasing impact of the behavior of certain subjects or groups of such entities on the development of the territory with a decrease in the size of the administrative-territorial unit.

scholarly journals ORGANIZATION RISKS: THREAT OR OPPORTUNITY?

2019 ◽  
pp. 215-221
Author(s):  
Marina V. Kuzmina
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Individual Decision Making ◽  
Personal Attitude ◽  
Uncertainty Factor ◽  
The Impact

The article studies the category of risk caused by uncertainty of external and internal environment, which exists in the work of any organization during its life cycle. The author analyzes the hypothesis that understanding risk not only as a threat but also as an opportunity has a great potential for the development of the enterprise. The idea and use of the uncertainty factor are discussed from the point of view of prospects of raising the organization efficiency. Specific features of the process of decision-making in uncertainty conditions are identified. Special attention is paid to the impact of subjective parameters on the process of risk management, including individual characteristics of people responsible for decision -making in conditions of risk, such as the desire to reach success and wish to avoid failure, personal attitude to risk, inclination to team or individual decision-making, a degree of responsibility, etc. In conclusion the author proves the idea that risk itself is not a hazard for the organization but an assessment of possibility to attain the result corresponding to the goal, including a positive one.

Minimizing Missed Opportunities: Modeling Relationships between the State and Business in Russia

2009 ◽  
pp. 42-61
Author(s):  
A. Oleynik
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Common Good ◽  
The State ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Power Domination ◽  
Individual Decision Making ◽  
Optimal Outcomes

Power involves a number of models of choice: maximizing, satisficing, coercion, and minimizing missed opportunities. The latter is explored in detail and linked to a particular type of power, domination by virtue of a constellation of interests. It is shown that domination by virtue of a constellation of interests calls for justification through references to a common good, i.e. a rent to be shared between Principal and Agent. Two sources of sub-optimal outcomes are compared: individual decision-making and interactions. Interactions organized in the form of power relationships lead to sub-optimal outcomes for at least one side, Agent. Some empirical evidence from Russia is provided for illustrative purposes.

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