A Generic, Scalable, and Cost-Effective Detector Front-End Block for PET

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salar Sajedi ◽  
Navid Zeraatkar ◽  
Mohsen Taheri ◽  
Sanaz Kaviani ◽  
Hadi Khanmohammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Front End

scholarly journals Trace Detection of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Using Electrochemical Gas Sensors

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Praveen K. Sekhar ◽  
Jie Zhou ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Eric R. Hamblin
Keyword(s):  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate ◽  
Screening System ◽  
Trace Detection ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Front End ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Single Sensor

Selective and sensitive detection of trace amounts of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) is demonstrated. The screening system is based on a sampling/concentrator front end and electrochemical potentiometric gas sensor as the detector. A single sensor is operated in the dominant hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) mode by varying the sensor operating condition. The potentiometric sensor with integrated heaters was used to capture the signature of PETN. Quantitative measurements based on hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide sensor responses indicated that the detector sensitivity scaled proportionally with the mass of the explosives (10 μg down to 200 ng). The ratio of the HC integrated peak area to the NOxintegrated peak area is identified as an indicator of selectivity. The HC/NOxratio is unique for PETN and has a range from 1.7 to 2.7. This detection technique has the potential to become an orthogonal technique to the existing explosive screening technologies for reducing the number of false positives/false negatives in a cost-effective manner.

Il costo dell'Alta Velocitŕ ferroviaria in Italia

2009 ◽  
pp. 203-251
Author(s):  
Claudio Virno
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Cost Overruns ◽  
Front End ◽  
Complex Projects

- Cost overruns are common in large and complex projects, especially in high speed rail ones. Budgeting for cost escalation is a major issue in the planning phase of these projects. This paper describes lessons learned on high speed rail in Italy and focuses on problems such as initial poor design, tactical budgeting, inadequate cost estimation and risk assessment, etc. The paper discusses possible means to avoid major flaws in the initial conceptual design of mega-projects. There is a growing understanding of the need to focus on the front-end phase in order to achieve more successful and cost-effective projects.

Integration of a K-Band Receiver Front-End Using a Copper Core Printed Circuit Board

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
pp. 000384-000388
Author(s):  
Brian Curran ◽  
Jacob Reyes ◽  
Christian Tschoban ◽  
Ivan Ndip ◽  
Klaus-Dieter Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Front End ◽  
High Bandwidth ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
K Band

Abstract Increasing demand for high bandwidth wireless satellite connections and telecommunications has resulted in interest in steerable antenna arrays in the GHz frequency range. These applications require cost-effective integration technologies for high frequency and high power integrated circuits (ICs) using GaAs, for example. In this paper, an integration platform is proposed, that enables GaAs ICs to be directly placed on a copper core inside cavities of a high frequency laminate for optimal cooling purposes. The platform is used to integrate a K-Band receiver front-end, composed of four GaAs ICs, with linear IF output power for input powers above −40dBm and a temperature of 42°C during operation.

Interdisciplinary Interaction for the Early Stages of Product and Service Development

2011 ◽  
pp. 39-57
Author(s):  
Mirja Kälviäinen
Keyword(s):  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Problem Space ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The North ◽  
Process Support ◽  
Front End ◽  
Analytical Thinking ◽  
Interdisciplinary Interaction

Saturated markets require user value through services and mass customised differentiation instead of mere products. This increases the significance of integrated innovation in the early stages of complex value offerings. Front end development combines the multidisciplinary professional perspectives and user insight in a cost effective way. Truly interdisciplinary interaction is reached through intrinsic motivation, shared goals and understanding. Experience for structuring the multidisciplinary front end innovation comes from the INNOstudio® concept created by the D’ART Design Resource Centre in the North Karelia University of Applied Sciences. This concept is about service and methods facilitating innovation sessions. Process support for communication, exploration, problem space definition and further development is provided by moving from abstract thinking into external observables – scenarios, sketches, or models. Innovative value concepts require both divergent, generative thinking and convergent, analytical thinking. Diverse methods support generative ideation, exploring future opportunities and user relevance or analysing the problem space.

scholarly journals A Methodology to Analyze and Evaluate the Uncertainty Propagation Due to Temperature and Frequency and Design Optimization for EMC Testing Instrumentation

Electricity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-315
Author(s):  
Marco Bosi ◽  
Albert Miguel Sanchez ◽  
Francisco Javier Pajares ◽  
Lorenzo Peretto
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Uncertainty Propagation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electric Machines ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Discrete Component ◽  
Probability Distribution Functions ◽  
Front End ◽  
Correct Design

This paper presents a study and proposes a new methodology to analyze, evaluate and reduce the overall uncertainty of instrumentations for EMC measurements. For the scope of this work, the front end of a commercial EMI receiver is chosen and variations due to tolerances, temperature and frequency response of the system are evaluated. This paper illustrates in detail how to treat each block composing the model by analyzing each discrete component, and how to evaluate their influence on the measurand. Since a model can have hundreds or even thousands of parameters, the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of some variable might be unknown. So, a method that allows to obtain in a fast and easy way the uncertainty of the measurement despite having so many variables, to then being able to evaluate the influence of each component on the measurand, is necessary for a correct design. In this way, it will be possible to indicate which discrete components have the most influence on the measurand and thus set the maximum tolerances allowed and being able to design a cost-effective solution. Furthermore, this works presents a methodology which can easily be extended and applied to estimate and compute the uncertainty for electromagnetic interferences, energy storage systems (ESS), energy production, electric machines, electric transports and power plants in general.

Investigations of upstream transmission performances with cost-effective transmitter front-end for ONU in IM/DD OFDMA-PON

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Hyun Cho ◽  
Jie Hyun Lee ◽  
Kyung Hwan Doo ◽  
Seung Il Myong ◽  
Jong Hyun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Front End

scholarly journals Extending OTDR Distance Span by External Front-End Optical Preamplifier

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 2275
Author(s):  
Adriana Lipovac ◽  
Vlatko Lipovac ◽  
Mirza Hamza ◽  
Vedran Batoš
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Noise Figure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optical Amplifier ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer ◽  
Front End ◽  
Extension Model

Optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) is used to characterize fiber optic links by identifying and localizing various refractive and reflective events such as breaks, splices, and connectors, and measuring insertion/return loss and fiber length. Essentially, OTDR inserts a pulsed signal into the fiber, from which a small portion that is commonly referred to as Rayleigh backscatter, is continuously reflected back with appropriate delays of the reflections expressed as the power loss versus distance, by conveniently scaling the time axis. Specifically, for long-distance events visibility and measurement accuracy, the crucial OTDR attribute is dynamic range, which determines how far downstream the fiber can the strongest transmitted optical pulse reach. As many older-generation but still operable OTDR units have insufficient dynamic range to test the far-end of longer fibers, we propose a simple and cost-effective solution to reactivate such an OTDR by inserting a low-noise high-gain optical preamplifier in front of it to lower the noise figure and thereby the noise floor. Accordingly, we developed an appropriate dynamic range and distance span extension model which provided the exemplar prediction values of 30 dB and 75 km, respectively, for the fiber under test at 1550 nm. These values were found to closely match the dynamic range and distance span extensions obtained for the same values of the relevant parameters of interest by the preliminary practical OTDR measurements conducted with the front-end EDFA optical amplifier, relative to the measurements with the OTDR alone. This preliminary verifies that the proposed concept enables a significantly longer distance span than the OTDR alone. We believe that the preliminary results reported here could serve as a hint and a framework for a more comprehensive test strategy in terms of both test diversification and repeating rate, which can be implemented in a network operator environment or professional lab.

NSOP Reduction for QFN RF-IC Packages

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (1) ◽  
pp. 000530-000534
Author(s):  
Mumtaz Y. Bora
Keyword(s):  
Form Factor ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Wire Bonding ◽  
Lead Frame ◽  
Front End ◽  
Wire Bond ◽  
The Wire ◽  
Copper Lead ◽  
Rf Ic

Abstract Wire bonded packages using conventional copper lead frame have been used in industry for quite some time. The growth of portable and wireless products is driving the miniaturization of packages resulting in the development of many types of thin form factor packages and cost effective assembly processes. Proper optimization of wire bond parameters and machine settings are essential for good yields. Wire bond process can generate a variety of defects such as lifted bond, cracked metallization, poor intermetallic etc. NSOP – Non- stick on Pad is a defect in wire bonding which can affect front end assembly yields. In this condition, the imprint of the bond is left on the bond pad without the wire being attached. NSOP failures are costly as the entire device is rejected if there is one such failure on any bond pad. The paper presents some of the failure modes observed and the efforts to address NSOP reduction [1].

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