C
            4
            photosynthesis and the economic spectra of leaf and root traits independently influence growth rates in grasses

The plant economics spectrum hypothesizes a correlation among resource-use related traits along one single axis, which determines species’ growth rates and their ecological filtering along resource gradients. This concept has been mostly investigated and shown in perennial species, but has rarely been tested in annual species. Annuals evade unfavorable seasons as seeds and thus may underlie different constraints, with consequences for interspecific trait-trait, trait-growth, and trait-environment relations. To test the hypotheses of the plant economics spectrum in annual species, we measured twelve resource-use related leaf and root traits in 30 winter annuals from Israel under controlled conditions. Traits and their coordinations were related to species’ growth rates (for 19 species) and their distribution along a steep rainfall gradient. Contrary to the hypotheses of the plant economics spectrum, in the investigated annuals traits were correlated along two independent axes, one of structural traits and one of carbon gain traits. Consequently, species’ growth rates were related to carbon gain traits, but independent from structural traits. Species’ distribution along the rainfall gradient was unexpectedly neither associated with species’ scores along the axes of carbon gain or structural traits nor with growth rate. Nevertheless, root traits were related with species’ distribution, indicating that they are relevant for species’ filtering along rainfall gradients in winter annuals. Overall, our results showed that the functional constraints hypothesized by the plant economics spectrum do not apply to winter annuals, leading to unexpected trait-growth and trait-rainfall relations. Our study thus cautions to generalize trait-based concepts and findings between life-history strategies. To predict responses to global change, trait-based concepts should be explicitly tested for different species groups.

Download Full-text

Reduced growth rates of hair in mice following radiation

Archives of Dermatology ◽

10.1001/archderm.94.4.491 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 94 (4) ◽

pp. 491-498 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

F. D. Malkinson

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates

Download Full-text

Institutional Theory of Endless Redistribution

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2005-7-4-18 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 4-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

K. Sonin

Keyword(s):

Property Rights ◽

Institutional Theory ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Rent Seeking ◽

Economic Institutions ◽

Wide Spread ◽

Grass Roots ◽

Protection Systems ◽

Private Protection ◽

The Rich

In unequal societies, the rich may benefit from shaping economic institutions in their favor. This paper analyzes the dynamics of institutional subversion by focusing on public protection of property rights. If this institution functions imperfectly, agents have incentives to invest in private protection of property rights. The ability to maintain private protection systems makes the rich natural opponents of public protection of property rights and precludes grass-roots demand to drive the development of the market-friendly institution. The economy becomes stuck in a bad equilibrium with low growth rates, high inequality of income, and wide-spread rent-seeking. The Russian oligarchs of the 1990s, who controlled large stakes of newly privatized property, provide motivation for this paper.

Download Full-text

Waiting for a New Model of Growth: Russia’s Social and Economic Development in 2013

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2014-2-4-32 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 4-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

V. Mau

Keyword(s):

Economic Policy ◽

Economic Development ◽

Economic Performance ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Global Crisis ◽

New Model ◽

Social And Economic Development ◽

Economic Risks

The paper deals with Russian social and economic development in 2013 and prospects for the next year or two. The author discusses the logic and trends of the global crisis started in 2008. This is the basis for further analysis of current Russian economic performance with special emphasis on the problem of growth rates deceleration. Special attention is paid to economic risks and priorities of economic policy.

Download Full-text

Impacts of Paris Agreement on Russian economy

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2018-4-76-94 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 76-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

I. A. Makarov ◽

C. Henry ◽

V. P. Sergey

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Economic Policy ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Paris Agreement ◽

Gdp Growth ◽

Russian Economy ◽

Climate Policies

The paper applies multiregional CGE Economic Policy Projection and Analysis (EPPA) model to analyze major risks the Paris Agreement on climate change adopted in 2015 brings to Russia. The authors come to the conclusion that if parties of the Agreement meet their targets that were set for 2030 it may lead to the decrease of average annual GDP growth rates by 0.2-0.3 p. p. Stricter climate policies beyond this year would bring GDP growth rates reduction in2035-2050 by additional 0.5 p. p. If Russia doesn’t ratify Paris Agreement, these losses may increase. In order to mitigate these risks, diversification of Russian economy is required.

Download Full-text

The Reproduction Vector of the Russian Economy: 1999-2007

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2008-4-94-109 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 94-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Sorokin

Keyword(s):

Economic Policy ◽

Human Capital ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Real Sector ◽

Russian Economy ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Developed Countries

The problem of the Russian economy’s growth rates is considered in the article in the context of Russia’s backwardness regarding GDP per capita in comparison with the developed countries. The author stresses the urgency of modernization of the real sector of the economy and the recovery of the country’s human capital. For reaching these goals short- or mid-term programs are not sufficient. Economic policy needs a long-term (15-20 years) strategy, otherwise Russia will be condemned to economic inertia and multiplying structural disproportions.

Download Full-text

A view at the Russian economic transformation

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2018-11-142-158 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 142-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. F. Baranov ◽

V. A. Bessonov

Keyword(s):

Market Economy ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Transition Process ◽

Well Being ◽

Economic Transformation ◽

High Rate ◽

Russian Economy ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Qualitative Level ◽

Rate Of Recovery

The transition of the Russian economy from plan to market is considered at a qualitative level. The analysis of economic dynamics in the transformation paradigm is conducted. The main stages of the transition process are discussed. Bonuses and costs due to the transition to market economy are considered. The reasons for the outstripping growth of well-being as compared to the growth of output are discussed. The signs of exhaustion of the potential of factors ensuring an abnormally high rate of recovery and accompanying welfare growth are discussed. The conclusion is made that the transformational recovery has been completed. The Russian economy has moved to the stage of development with relatively low growth rates of output and welfare, typical for stable (nontransition) economies.

Download Full-text

Experimentally altered rainfall regimes and host root traits affect grassland arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities

10.32942/osf.io/cu4jh ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Coline Deveautour ◽

Suzanne Donn ◽

Sally Power ◽

Kirk Barnett ◽

Jeff Powell

Keyword(s):

Fungal Community ◽

Community Assembly ◽

Root Length ◽

Specific Root Length ◽

Root Traits ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Communities ◽

Rainfall Regime ◽

Precipitation Regimes ◽

Rainfall Regimes

Future climate scenarios predict changes in rainfall regimes. These changes are expected to affect plants via effects on the expression of root traits associated with water and nutrient uptake. Associated microorganisms may also respond to these new precipitation regimes, either directly in response to changes in the soil environment or indirectly in response to altered root trait expression. We characterised arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities in an Australian grassland exposed to experimentally altered rainfall regimes. We used Illumina sequencing to assess the responses of AM fungal communities associated with four plant species sampled in different watering treatments and evaluated the extent to which shifts were associated with changes in root traits. We observed that altered rainfall regimes affected the composition but not the richness of the AM fungal communities, and we found distinctive communities in the increased rainfall treatment. We found no evidence of altered rainfall regime effects via changes in host physiology because none of the studied traits were affected by changes in rainfall. However, specific root length was observed to correlate with AM fungal richness, while concentrations of phosphorus and calcium in root tissue and the proportion of root length allocated to fine roots were correlated to community composition. Our study provides evidence that climate change and its effects on rainfall may influence AM fungal community assembly, as do plant traits related to plant nutrition and water uptake. We did not find evidence that host responses to altered rainfall drive AM fungal community assembly in this grassland ecosystem.

Download Full-text

Economic Growth and Macro Variables in India: An Empirical Study

Journal of Economics and Development ◽

10.33301/2015.17.03.03 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 42-59

Author(s):

Saba Ismail ◽

Shahid Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Trade Openness ◽

Capital Formation ◽

Gdp Growth ◽

Fdi Inflows ◽

Domestic Capital ◽

The Government ◽

Macro Variables ◽

Determinants Of Economic Growth

The research objective of this paper is to explore the empirical linkages between economic growth and foreign direct investment (FDI), gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) and trade openness in India (TOP) over the period 1980 to 2013. The study reveals a positive relationship between economic growth and FDI, GFCF and TOP. This study establishes a strong unidirectional causal flow from changes in FDI, trade openness and capital formation to the economic growth rates of India. The impulse response function traces the positive influence of these macro variables on the GDP growth rates of India. The study also reveals that the volatility of GDP growth rates in India is mainly attributed to the variation in the level of GFCF and FDI. The study concludes that the FDI inflows and the size of capital formation are the main determinants of economic growth. In view of this, it is expected that the government of India should provide more policy focus on promoting FDI inflows and domestic capital formations to increase its economic growth in the long-term.

Download Full-text