What drive gender gap in financial inclusion? Evidence from Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann Hegueu Ndoya ◽  
Charly Ondobo Tsala
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Financial Inclusion

Determinants of Financial Inclusion Gender Gap in Ethiopia: Evidence From Decomposition Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shemelis Kebede Hundie ◽  
Daniel Tadesse Tulu
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Debit Card ◽  
The World ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Emergency Fund

Abstract In Ethiopia, the gender gap in financial inclusion is high, and the effect of socioeconomic variables on the gap is not well investigated. As a result, this study uses the World Bank’s Global Findex database from 2017 to analyze magnitude and determinants of the gender gap in financial inclusion in Ethiopia. Using Fairlie decomposition technique, we find statistically significant gender gap in all indicators of financial inclusion under study in Ethiopia. The result shows that the highest financial inclusion gender gap is observed in formal saving followed by formal account holding. The decomposition results show males are 16.5%, 16.6%, 8.9 %, 8.4 %t, and 5.8% more likely to have a formal account, formal saving, borrowing, emergency fund possibility, and debit card ownership, respectively. We further decompose these gaps using Daymont and Andrisani approach and the result reveals that differences in coefficients between males and females explain 57.7% in formal saving, 43.4% in formal account holding, and 110.9% in borrowing from formal financial institutions. About 54.2% of the total gender gap in possibility of raising emergcency fund is attributed to differences in characteristics/predictors between the two genders while gender gap in debit card holding is explained by the iteraction between differences in characterisctics and coefficients. Being older, more educated, and wealthier favor financial inclusion, with age, employment, and education having a greater effect. Furthermore, gaps in coefficients, productivity, and advantage to males and disadvantage to females aggravate the gender gap in financial inclusion in Ethiopia. Gender mainstreaming in economic activities to increase income, employment opportunities and education for females to bridge the gender gap in financial inclusion is important.

scholarly journals Empowering Women through Financial Inclusion in Zimbabwe Is the Gender Gap Not Encroaching This Noble Cause?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Lettiah Gumbo ◽  
Precious Dube ◽  
Muhammad Ridwan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
National Development ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Financial Products ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Government ◽  
Financial Awareness

One of the most effective catalysts of economic growth of any nation is obviously financial inclusion. However, in developing countries such as Zimbabwe gender gap is still an impediment to the achievement of financial inclusion for all. Research findings for this paper show that, increasing women’s financial opportunities and financial awareness on how to access financial products and services will go a long way in reducing the gender gap. Furthermore, increasing access to and use of quality financial products and services is essential to inclusive economic growth and poverty reduction. Although the government of Zimbabwe is taking steps to increase women financial inclusiveness, research shows that women in Zimbabwe trail behind men in as far as access to financial services is concerned. Zimbabwean communities remain dominantly patriarchal and women are always lagging behind in developmental projects meant for their empowerment. This paper seeks to assess the implementation of women’s financial inclusion highlighting opportunities and barriers such as the gender gap and how this may be overcome. The study is qualitative in nature and therefore makes use of interviews and questionnaires for data collection. It is envisioned by the researchers that the research findings will be beneficial to women; their empowerment and development and national development. It is hoped to change the way in which the banking and financial sectors deal with women’s financial inclusion for the betterment of their livelihoods.  Furthermore, women’s financial empowerment will improve livelihoods of many families given the caring nature of mothers, sisters, aunts and grandmothers.

scholarly journals Financial Inclusion in Nigeria: A Gender Gap Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wagbafor Marx O. ◽  
Adenegan Kemisola O. ◽  
Oladokun Yetunde O.M ◽  
Olasehinde Toba
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
The Government ◽  
Farm Business

Ability to have access and use financial goods and services such as bank and mobile money accounts indicates the overall financial inclusion level of an economy and the higher the indices are in any economy, the better that economy is. Financial inclusion is important to realize inclusive growth in any country. It has direct impacts on the level of growth and development experienced by any economy. It can however, be skewed along gender lines as noticed overtime in the Nigerian economy and other developing economies. This study examined financial inclusion in Nigeria: a gender gap approach. It also determined the factors responsible for the gender gaps. The Global Findex (2014) dataset of Nigeria from World Bank database was used to analyse the aims of the study. In the study, 61% of the men were financially included, while only 43% of the female were financially included, with 18% gap. The gap in endowments accounted for the huge difference of the gap in outcomes as males seemed to be more naturally favoured by society than females. The level of education, wealth quintile, saved in past 12 months for farm/business purposes, sent domestic remittances in the past 12 months, paid utility bills in the past 12 months, and received wage payments in the past 12 months are the factors explaining the gender gaps in Nigeria. Thus the government and other relevant stakeholders should encourage females along these factors.

Financial Inclusion Gender Gap in Ethiopia: Evidence from Decomposition Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shemelis Kebede Hundie ◽  
Daniel Tadesse Tulu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Socioeconomic Determinants ◽  
Socioeconomic Variables ◽  
The World

Abstract Financial inclusion gender gap in Ethiopia is significantly high and how socioeconomic variables affect the gap is not sufficiently studied. Hence, this study examines financial inclusion gender gap in Ethiopia using the World Bank’s Global Findex database of 2017. Hence, this study aims to examine the magnitude of financial inclusion gender gap and its socioeconomic determinants in Ethiopia using different econometric decomposition analysis. Empirical findings denote that there is statistically significant financial gender disparity in Ethiopia. Fairlie decomposition results show that being older, a man, more educated and richer favor financial inclusion with a higher influence of age, employment and education. Moreover, differences in coefficients, differences in productivity, advantage to males and disadvantage to females widen the gender gap in financial inclusion Ethiopia.

Is M-PESA a Model for Financial Inclusion and Women Empowerment in Kenya?

2015 ◽  
pp. 101-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violet N. Barasa ◽  
Charles Lugo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Women's Empowerment ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Women’S Empowerment ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Mobile Banking ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
The Impact

Since the 1980s, the gender gap in most countries—rich and developing—has been narrowing. Women and girls are going to school more, living longer, getting better jobs, and acquiring legal rights and protections. Despite these strides, women in poor rural communities remain financially excluded from formal financial services. This chapter explores the impact of mobile banking on financial inclusion and women's empowerment in Kenya. The aim is to evaluate whether mobile banking is a form of financial inclusion and women's financial empowerment in Kenya. Firstly, it gives a clear background of a form of mobile banking in Kenya locally called M-PESA. Secondly, it evaluates how M-PESA is a form financial inclusion. Thirdly, it examines if M-PESA is a form of financial empowerment for women and girls in Kenya and lastly, offers recommendations on how M-PESA can effectively become a mode of financial inclusion and women's empowerment in Kenya.

scholarly journals Inclusión financiera femenina en México: una herramienta para su empoderamiento = Financial Inclusion for Women in Mexico: a Tool for their Empowerement

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolfo Federico Herrera García
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Las Mujeres

Resumen. El artículo analiza la inclusión financiera de la mujer y su relación con el em­poderamiento en la actual sociedad mexicana ya que cifras oficiales muestran que el 39% de las mujeres adultas tienen una cuenta bancaria y solo el 25% tienen una tarjeta de crédito, lo que enmarca una gran dependencia de las mujeres con los hombres en materia financiera. Ac­tualmente, no existe una teoría establecida sobre la inclusión financiera de la mujer, aunque si se ha puesto en relevancia la importancia de fomentarla como herramienta para lograr el em­poderamiento de grupos excluidos. Se muestra el impacto positivo de disminuir la exclusión financiera femenina en nuestro país, para después determinar a través del análisis de compo­nentes principales las variables que tienen mayor poder explicativo en este fenómeno; además se utiliza el análisis de clúster jerárquico, que permite establecer el nivel que tiene cada estado de la República en cuanto al acceso y uso de servicios financieros en instituciones tradicion­ales y microfinancieras. Dado esto, se puede decir que existe una brecha de género importante y que se necesitan implementar medidas que aumenten la participación de la mujer en el sec­tor financiero para mejorar sus condiciones socioeconómicas y su calidad de vida, la cual le permita crecer en los diferentes entornos de la vida cotidiana.Palabras clave: inclusión financiera, empoderamiento, equidad de género, acceso, mi­crofinanzas. Abstract. The article analyzes the financial inclusion of women and their relationship with empowerment in the current Mexican society as official figures show that 39% of adult women have a bank account and only 25% have a credit card, which It frames a great depen­dence of women with men in financial matters. Currently, there is no established theory on the financial inclusion of women, although the importance of promoting it as a tool to achieve the empowerment of excluded groups has been highlighted. It shows the positive impact of decreasing female financial exclusion in our country, to then determine through the analysis of major components the variables that have greater explanatory power in this phenomenon; In addition, a hierarchical cluster analysis is used to establish the level of each state of the Repu­blic in terms of access and use of financial services in traditional and microfinance institutions.Given this, it can be said that there is an important gender gap and that measures must be im­plemented to increase the participation of women in the financial sector in order to improve their socioeconomic conditions and their quality of life, which allows them to grow in different environments of everyday life.Keywords: financial inclusion, empowerment, gender equity, access, microfinance.

scholarly journals THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN BANKS TO ENGENDER WOMEN EMPOWERMENT AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN ARAB COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusef Yakubi ◽  
B. Basuki ◽  
Rudi Purwono
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Shared Content ◽  
Use Of Social Media

This study aims to classify and interpret the interacted communications between banks and users on social media and understand the role of these digital platforms to enhance woman empowerments and financial inclusion in banks in Arab countries. 100 users of banks’ social media were selected from 5 leading banks in 5 Arab countries and their interactive utterances were classified, analyzed and interpreted. Content analysis tools were applied. The study reveals these key results: First, the use of social media in banks entails two-fold empowerment dimensions that are mutually beneficial for Users and Banks. Second, both flows of utterances either from “User to Banks” or “Banks to Users” demonstrate that the highest ratios of the shared content are more closely associated with financial inclusion dimensions than user’s empowerment aspects. Third, women are found more engaged in social and emotional involvements than men who show a relatively higher interest in banks’ financial services and products. It is also found that Banks use social media to raise social and economic themes that support women in the region. However, the second and third results imply a gender gap in financial inclusion since females still lag behind. This study is different by highlighting the power of banks’ social networks to trigger important gender and economic development themes in a highly conservative society and contribute to literature by analyzing and interpreting the shared content from three extensive outlooks which yield ample details and draw implications for banks’ management and social media policy makers and regulators.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN - OWNED BUSINESSES IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Sajuyigbe Ademola S
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Lagos State ◽  
The Government ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Recognising the indispensable role of women owned enterprises in general economic development, the government of Nigeria have offered support to the development of women owned enterprises through financial intermediary, infrastructures and policy measures. Despite of these indicators, the state of micro entrepreneurship has yet to reach a satisfactory level and women enterprises continue to lag behind that of their male counterparts. This study therefore investigated the influence of financial inclusion and social inclusion on the Performance of Women - Owned Businesses in Lagos State, Nigeria. The population of this study comprised all four thousand six thousand sixty three (4,663) women-owned Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) registered with SMEDAN while three hundred and fifty seven (357) were selected as a sample size for the study. The data collection instruments for the study were structured questionnaire and personal interview. Data were analyzed with the aid of Multiple Regression (Ordinary Least Square Estimation) and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Results showed that financial inclusion and social inclusion have positive and significant influence on women–owned businesses performance. Additionally, financial inclusion and social inclusion jointly contribute about 42.9% to the performance of women –owned businesses. Results also indicated that social inclusion (r = 0. 543**) is positively and significantly related with the financial inclusion. The therefore recommended that government should have a policy in place through its financial regulator to encourage financial institutions to diversify their branch networks in the country and government should also have policies and regulatory frameworks in place that will close the gender gap in financial inclusion and social inclusion.

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