Determinants of Financial Inclusion Gender Gap in Ethiopia: Evidence From Decomposition Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shemelis Kebede Hundie ◽  
Daniel Tadesse Tulu
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Debit Card ◽  
The World ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Emergency Fund

Abstract In Ethiopia, the gender gap in financial inclusion is high, and the effect of socioeconomic variables on the gap is not well investigated. As a result, this study uses the World Bank’s Global Findex database from 2017 to analyze magnitude and determinants of the gender gap in financial inclusion in Ethiopia. Using Fairlie decomposition technique, we find statistically significant gender gap in all indicators of financial inclusion under study in Ethiopia. The result shows that the highest financial inclusion gender gap is observed in formal saving followed by formal account holding. The decomposition results show males are 16.5%, 16.6%, 8.9 %, 8.4 %t, and 5.8% more likely to have a formal account, formal saving, borrowing, emergency fund possibility, and debit card ownership, respectively. We further decompose these gaps using Daymont and Andrisani approach and the result reveals that differences in coefficients between males and females explain 57.7% in formal saving, 43.4% in formal account holding, and 110.9% in borrowing from formal financial institutions. About 54.2% of the total gender gap in possibility of raising emergcency fund is attributed to differences in characteristics/predictors between the two genders while gender gap in debit card holding is explained by the iteraction between differences in characterisctics and coefficients. Being older, more educated, and wealthier favor financial inclusion, with age, employment, and education having a greater effect. Furthermore, gaps in coefficients, productivity, and advantage to males and disadvantage to females aggravate the gender gap in financial inclusion in Ethiopia. Gender mainstreaming in economic activities to increase income, employment opportunities and education for females to bridge the gender gap in financial inclusion is important.

Financial Inclusion Gender Gap in Ethiopia: Evidence from Decomposition Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shemelis Kebede Hundie ◽  
Daniel Tadesse Tulu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Socioeconomic Determinants ◽  
Socioeconomic Variables ◽  
The World

Abstract Financial inclusion gender gap in Ethiopia is significantly high and how socioeconomic variables affect the gap is not sufficiently studied. Hence, this study examines financial inclusion gender gap in Ethiopia using the World Bank’s Global Findex database of 2017. Hence, this study aims to examine the magnitude of financial inclusion gender gap and its socioeconomic determinants in Ethiopia using different econometric decomposition analysis. Empirical findings denote that there is statistically significant financial gender disparity in Ethiopia. Fairlie decomposition results show that being older, a man, more educated and richer favor financial inclusion with a higher influence of age, employment and education. Moreover, differences in coefficients, differences in productivity, advantage to males and disadvantage to females widen the gender gap in financial inclusion Ethiopia.

scholarly journals Ottoman Institutions and Legal Regulations in 19th Century Bulgarian Economy; A Review Based on Institutional Economics

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-458
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the 19th century, developments took place in many areas around the world. The industrialization process has accelerated in the world, production scales have increased, and the economic integration process has started. With the globalization of trade, the boundaries became less visible, and entrepreneurs could trade freely in different parts of the world. In this article, the extent to which the economic activities on the Bulgarian territory could be integrated into the world trade in the 19th century, the political and financial institutions of the Ottoman Empire, and the legal arrangements that affected the welfare of the Bulgarian people will be discussed. In making this discussion, the basis of institutional economic thought will be examined, and the effects of the institutions of the Ottoman Empire on the economic structure of Bulgaria will be reviewed. Did the Ottoman Empire, expressed in the terms of institutional economics, constitute inclusive institutions or exploitative institutions in economic activities on the territory of Bulgaria? This discussion will be more explanatory under four main headings. These are; traditional institutions, tax regulations, financial institutions, and legal regulations. Thus, the effects of the Ottoman Empire on the economic structure in the territory of Bulgaria will become more pronounced.

A decomposition of the gender gap in financial inclusion : evidence from Namibia

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-169
Author(s):  
Alfred Mukong ◽  
Nikanor Shiwayu ◽  
Teresia Kaulihowa
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Financial Knowledge ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Disadvantaged Women

This paper investigated the determinants of the gender gap in financial inclusion in Namibia, a country where women are more financially included than men. We employed the probit model to identify the determinants of financial inclusion and the Fairlie decomposition to examine the contribution of these factors to the gender gap in financial inclusion. The results suggest that the observed gender gap in financially included is insignificant. We found that individual characteristics such as financial literacy, educational attainment and proximity to financial institutions, contribute positively and significantly to the observed gender gap. Thus, any policy action geared towards improving the level of financial inclusion of disadvantaged women should focus on enhancing their level of education, financial knowledge and access (proximity) to financial institutions. However, the contribution of other individual and household characteristics cannot be completely ignored.

scholarly journals Gender gap in financial inclusion: Evidence from MENA

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Ekin Ayşe Özşuca
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Decomposition Method ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The World

This study aims to analyze the gender dimension of financial inclusion in MENA countries. Using the World Bank’s 2017 Global Findex Database, it explores the underlying factors of gender differences in formal financial services usage via Fairlie decomposition method. The findings of the study indicate that a significant portion of the disparity in financial inclusion is attributable to employment, while age and tertiary education are also found as contributing factors to the financial inclusion gap. Another notable finding is that upper income quintiles contribute positively to the gender gap, indeed to a greater extent compared to lower income groups.

scholarly journals Role of community economic development based on mosque management in COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Muhammad Habibi Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Community Economic Development ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All

COVID-19 shocks are over the whole world, which disrupted almost all sectors of the economy. Many major financial institutions show a downfall and going into economic recession. All around the world, ordinary people are affected the most in this dire situation due to raised unemployment. Mosques can be considered a vital social institution in Indonesia and tend to cultivate prosperity and elevate economic activities. This research exposed the hidden potential of Mosques in Indonesia in economic development by describing the essential asset stored in them. It’s instrumental for the community to empower the asset because the management of mosques will give multi-effective players in terms of community engagement.

Economic Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic: Who are the Big Sufferers?

2020 ◽  
pp. 320-326
Keyword(s):  
Informal Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
Daily Wage ◽  
Liberalisation Policy ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

The COVID-19 pandemic identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, has spread almost to all the countries of the world. The mitigation measures imposed by most of the nations to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have badly hit the global economic activities. As per the latest estimates, the world economy is predicted to decline by 5.2 percent, and world trade is expected to drop by 13-32 percent in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this way it has created havoc in the world economy and the Indian economy is no exception. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has estimated the Indian GDP growth at 1.9 percent and showed the worst growth performance of India after the liberalisation policy of 1991. According to the World Bank, the Indian economy will contract by 3.2 percent in 2020-21. Daily wage labourers and other informal workers, particularly migrant labourers of economically poor states were the worst hit during the lockdown period and will continue to be adversely affected even after the lockdown was relaxed. The paper suggested multiple measures to support the Indian economic and financial support to all the families of the informal economy workers to tide over this crisis.

COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND ITS IMPACT ON DYNAMICS OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, WITH RESPECT TO INDIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Arun Kumar L.S
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The World ◽  
Present Context

International business is essential for the countries to generate Economic growth or to increase in exports and reduce in imports, it encompasses all commercial and economic activities between the nations to promote the ideas, resources, transfer the goods and services, technologies across the national borders. In every country has limited resources therefore a country cannot produce all the goods and services that it requires. The present context of the world, there is imbalance in production and supply factors due to Covid-19 pandemic, which has resulted in market imbalances (demand and supply). The world economy has been hit hard by the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, as on June end more than ten 10 million people around the globe had been affected by this pandemic, India, USA and others are worst hit countries with decrease in GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and increase in unemployment rate. It may be useful to also note that prolonged lockdowns will eventually imply production shortfalls, may lead to increase in unemployment; decrease in demand for products, slowly running out stocks. In recent forecast of World Trade Organisation (WTO) indicated a clear fall in world trade between 13 per cent and 32 per cent in 2020, perhaps the highest fall since the Great Depression of 1930s. India and world can overcome the challenges by specific government fiscal and monetary policies, by providing economic relief packages and increase in employment opportunities by digitalisation in all the sectors of the economy to increase in accountability, convenience, and gross production, and investment, job security to casual labours or migrant workers. These factors may change the world present situation to productive or welfare economy. The purpose of the research paper is to explain Economic and Business crisis, due to covid-19 in present situation in India and the world. KEY WORDS: C0VID-19, GDP, ECONOMY and GLOBAL CRISIS.

Gender Impact on the Enterprise Performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Oleksii V. Lyulyov ◽  
Oleksandra I. Karintseva ◽  
Andrii V. Yevdokymov ◽  
Hanna S. Ponomarova ◽  
Oleksandr O. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Representation ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Enterprise Performance ◽  
World Economic Forum ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic ◽  
The Impact

The article describes the situation of gender equality in Ukraine and in the world during the last 5 years, identifies the leading countries in moving towards gender equality in various fields of life by analyzing the indicators of the Global Gender Gap Report of the World Economic Forum. These indicators include: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, Political Empowerment, which are the part of a single index that determines the position of countries in the overall ranking. Based on the results of this analysis, Ukraine has improved value of gender equality index, although in the overall ranking of countries Ukraine has lost its position and dropped 11 ranks lower than in 2014. This means that, among all the countries surveyed by the World Economic Forum, there are countries that are moving much faster towards gender equality than Ukraine. In addition, the article includes the investigation of the gender representation among the board members of 5 enterprises of Ukraine for 2014-2017, which represent the leading sectors of the Ukrainian economy. The dynamics of changes in the level of performance of these enterprises using the return on assets (ROA) indicator is analyzed, the relationship between the leadership of the enterprises and the value of the ROA indicator is graphically presented. The obtained results do not give a clear answer about the gender impact on the enterprise performance. The reason for this is a number of factors, such as: insufficient statistical sampling of enterprises; the selected performance indicator of enterprise activities does not fully reflect the impact of the gender factor on enterprise activities; the methodology used in the work needs improvements, or it is necessary to choose a totally new approach to the analysis of the investigated issue under study. Gender representation among board members and its impact on enterprise performance should be investigated further. Key words: gender, gender equality, enterprise board members, return on assets.

Actual issues of valuation of businesses of the economic entity

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. V. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Discount Rate ◽  
Accurate Prediction ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Business Valuation ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

The article summarizes the main approaches in the definition of business valuation the economic entity. In the process of business valuation, taking into account the risks of financial and economic activities necessary to obtain information on what stage the owner implements the business will receive income. The most difficult task is the impossibility of accurate prediction in determining the level of income and the determination of a discount rate capitalization of future incomes due to the instability of the economy, both in the country and around the world.

scholarly journals The Gender Wage Gap among Ph.D. Holders: Evidence from Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Alfano ◽  
Lorenzo Cicatiello ◽  
Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta ◽  
Mauro Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Educational Qualification ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
Quantile Decomposition ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract This paper contributes to the literature on the gender wage gap by empirically analyzing those workers who hold the highest possible educational qualification, i.e., a Ph.D. The analysis relies on recent Italian cross-sectional data collected through a survey on the employment conditions of Ph.D. holders. The Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition analysis and quantile decomposition analysis are carried out, and the selection of Ph.D. holders into employment and STEM/non-STEM fields of specialization is taken into account. Findings suggest that a gender gap in hourly wages exists among Ph.D. holders, with sizeable differences by sector of employment and field of specialization.

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